Types of Claims Quiz: Factual Claims and Claims of Value

Study Notes

Types of Claims

Factual/Historical Claims:
- Report, describe, predict, or make causal claims about a fact
- Require sufficient and appropriate grounds, reliable authority, recent data, accurate and typical data, and clearly defined terms with no loaded language
- Examples: Global warming is a human-caused phenomenon, Women are as effective as men in combat
Relational Claims:
- Establish causal connections between events or ideas
- Require establishing standards of evaluation, noting the priority of the value, and establishing the advantage of the standards
- Examples: Euthanasia is an affront to God, The dancing that occurs in high schools leads to immoral behavior

Claims of Value

Establishing standards of evaluation (warrant that defines instances of the relevant value)
Noting the priority of the value in the instance
Establishing the advantage (practical or moral) of the standards
Using examples to clarify abstract values
Using credible authorities for support
Examples: Euthanasia is an affront to God, The dancing that occurs in high schools leads to immoral behavior

Claims of Policy

Addressing the course of action, policies, and problem-solving approaches
Information can be explicit or implicit
Examples: The state of Texas should secede from the United States, The United States should adopt a Canadian-style universal healthcare system

Claims in Writing

A claim is the main argument of an essay
It is the most important part of an academic paper
A claim defines the paper's goals, direction, and scope
It is supported by evidence
A claim statement is a type of thesis statement that presents the main idea of the essay in the form of an argument

Types of Claims in Written Text

Claim of Fact: reports, describes, predicts, or makes causal claims about a fact
Claim of Value: establishes the value or morality of an event or decision
Claim of Policy: addresses the course of action or policy

Counterclaim and Rebuttal

Counterclaim: the opposing argument or concern
Rebuttal: the response to the counterclaim, refuting the opposition and supporting the original claim
Example: Counterclaim: Gum may cause a distraction if chewed loudly; Rebuttal: If students weren't afraid of being caught, they wouldn't feel the need to stick gum to desks to hide it from their teachers.

Description

Learn about different types of factual claims such as Factual/Historical, Relational - causal connections, and Predictive proof required for a Claim of Fact. Understand the elements needed for a proof, including sufficient and appropriate grounds, reliable authority, recent and accurate data, and clearly defined terms. Explore examples like global warming, combat effectiveness of women, and racial harmony in the 1950s. Delve into the concept of Claims of Value.