Types of Democracy

Direct Democracy: Citizens directly participate in decision-making process
- Examples: Ancient Athens, Swiss Cantons
Representative Democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf
- Examples: United States, United Kingdom
Participatory Democracy: Combination of direct and representative democracy, emphasizes citizen participation
- Examples: Porto Alegre's participatory budgeting, Icelandic crowdsourced constitution
Liberal Democracy: Protects individual rights and freedoms, emphasizes market economy
- Examples: United States, Canada
Social Democracy: Emphasizes social welfare, economic equality, and collective ownership
- Examples: Nordic countries, Germany

Equality: All citizens are equal before the law and have equal opportunities
Freedom: Protection of individual rights and freedoms, including speech, assembly, and religion
Justice: Fair and impartial application of laws, protection of human rights
Participation: Active involvement of citizens in decision-making process
Tolerance: Respect for diversity, protection of minority rights
Accountability: Transparency and responsibility of elected officials and institutions

Types of Electoral Systems:
- First-Past-The-Post (FPTP): Winner takes all
- Proportional Representation (PR): Seats allocated based on proportion of votes
- Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP): Combination of FPTP and PR
Voting Systems:
- Plurality Voting: Winner takes all
- Majority Voting: Winner must receive majority of votes
- Ranked-Choice Voting: Voters rank candidates in order of preference
Voter Registration: Process of registering eligible citizens to vote
Voter Turnout: Percentage of eligible citizens who cast ballots

Forms of Participation:
- Voting: Casting ballots in elections
- Petitions: Signing documents to influence policy or decision-making
- Protests: Peaceful demonstrations to express opinions or dissent
- Volunteering: Participating in civic activities, such as community service
Barriers to Participation:
- Voter Suppression: Efforts to limit or restrict voting rights
- Lack of Access: Limited access to information, education, or resources
- Discrimination: Systemic barriers based on race, gender, or other characteristics

Legislative Branch: Makes laws, composed of elected representatives
Executive Branch: Enforces laws, headed by president or prime minister
Judicial Branch: Interprets laws, composed of courts and judges
Independent Agencies: Regulate specific areas, such as central banks or election commissions
Civil Society: Non-governmental organizations, community groups, and advocacy organizations

Beyond Governance: Democracy as a way of life, emphasizing values and principles
Civic Engagement: Active participation in civic activities, beyond voting
Deliberative Democracy: Emphasis on informed discussion and debate in decision-making
Economic Democracy: Extension of democratic principles to economic sphere, emphasizing worker rights and collective ownership
Global Democracy: Democratization of international relations, global governance, and human rights

Direct Democracy: Citizens directly participate in decision-making process, e.g., Ancient Athens, Swiss Cantons.
Representative Democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, e.g., United States, United Kingdom.
Participatory Democracy: Combines direct and representative democracy, emphasizing citizen participation, e.g., Porto Alegre's participatory budgeting, Icelandic crowdsourced constitution.
Liberal Democracy: Protects individual rights and freedoms, emphasizing market economy, e.g., United States, Canada.
Social Democracy: Emphasizes social welfare, economic equality, and collective ownership, e.g., Nordic countries, Germany.

Equality: Ensures all citizens are equal before the law and have equal opportunities.
Freedom: Protects individual rights and freedoms, including speech, assembly, and religion.
Justice: Ensures fair and impartial application of laws, protecting human rights.
Participation: Fosters active involvement of citizens in decision-making processes.
Tolerance: Promotes respect for diversity, protecting minority rights.
Accountability: Ensures transparency and responsibility of elected officials and institutions.

Electoral Systems:
- First-Past-The-Post (FPTP): Winner takes all.
- Proportional Representation (PR): Seats allocated based on proportion of votes.
- Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP): Combines FPTP and PR.
Voting Systems:
- Plurality Voting: Winner takes all.
- Majority Voting: Winner must receive majority of votes.
- Ranked-Choice Voting: Voters rank candidates in order of preference.
Voter Registration: Process of registering eligible citizens to vote.
Voter Turnout: Percentage of eligible citizens who cast ballots.

Forms of Participation:
- Voting: Casting ballots in elections.
- Petitions: Signing documents to influence policy or decision-making.
- Protests: Peaceful demonstrations to express opinions or dissent.
- Volunteering: Participating in civic activities, such as community service.
Barriers to Participation:
- Voter Suppression: Efforts to limit or restrict voting rights.
- Lack of Access: Limited access to information, education, or resources.
- Discrimination: Systemic barriers based on race, gender, or other characteristics.

Legislative Branch: Makes laws, composed of elected representatives.
Executive Branch: Enforces laws, headed by president or prime minister.
Judicial Branch: Interprets laws, composed of courts and judges.
Independent Agencies: Regulate specific areas, such as central banks or election commissions.
Civil Society: Non-governmental organizations, community groups, and advocacy organizations.

Beyond Governance: Democracy as a way of life, emphasizing values and principles.
Civic Engagement: Active participation in civic activities, beyond voting.
Deliberative Democracy: Emphasizes informed discussion and debate in decision-making.
Economic Democracy: Extends democratic principles to the economic sphere, emphasizing worker rights and collective ownership.
Global Democracy: Democratization of international relations, global governance, and human rights.