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Questions and Answers
Which type of claim would involve arguing about whether a historical event actually occurred?
Which type of claim would involve arguing about whether a historical event actually occurred?
What question would most likely stem from a claim of definition?
What question would most likely stem from a claim of definition?
In a claim of value, which question is typically asked?
In a claim of value, which question is typically asked?
Which of the following statements represents a claim of cause?
Which of the following statements represents a claim of cause?
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What is a characteristic feature of controversial fact claims?
What is a characteristic feature of controversial fact claims?
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When an athlete is referred to as 'professional' due to compensation, this exemplifies which type of claim?
When an athlete is referred to as 'professional' due to compensation, this exemplifies which type of claim?
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What differentiates claims of fact from claims of value?
What differentiates claims of fact from claims of value?
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Which statement regarding claims of policy is true?
Which statement regarding claims of policy is true?
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What type of claim is made when stating that sororities and fraternities are the best extracurricular organizations for college students?
What type of claim is made when stating that sororities and fraternities are the best extracurricular organizations for college students?
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Which of the following statements exemplifies a claim of policy?
Which of the following statements exemplifies a claim of policy?
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Which of the following questions is NOT typically associated with claims of value?
Which of the following questions is NOT typically associated with claims of value?
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What is an essential part of constructing a claim of value?
What is an essential part of constructing a claim of value?
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Which example best represents a claim of value?
Which example best represents a claim of value?
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What is one example of a definition claim?
What is one example of a definition claim?
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What question helps determine the nature of a claim about a problem and its resolution?
What question helps determine the nature of a claim about a problem and its resolution?
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Which of the following represents a cause claim?
Which of the following represents a cause claim?
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Which of the following statements is a value claim?
Which of the following statements is a value claim?
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What type of evidence is commonly used to support cause and effect relationships?
What type of evidence is commonly used to support cause and effect relationships?
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In value claims, what do the criteria help establish?
In value claims, what do the criteria help establish?
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What is one potential structure for presenting cause claims?
What is one potential structure for presenting cause claims?
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Which statement exemplifies an effect described before a cause?
Which statement exemplifies an effect described before a cause?
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How can historical parallels be utilized in cause claims?
How can historical parallels be utilized in cause claims?
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Which of the following statements about cause claims is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about cause claims is TRUE?
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What might be a hypothetical example used in establishing cause and effect?
What might be a hypothetical example used in establishing cause and effect?
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Study Notes
Types of Claims
- Arguments can be categorized into five types of claims:
- Fact, Definition, Cause, Value, Policy
- Claims are identified by the question the argument answers.
- Each type of claim invites different purposes and perspectives.
Claims of Fact
- Focuses on whether something is true or happened.
- Example questions:
- Did it happen?
- Does it exist?
- Is it true?
- Is it a fact?
- Example claims:
- Women are as effective as men in combat.
- The ozone layer is becoming depleted.
- Bigfoot exists in remote areas.
- Men need women to civilize them.
- Note that not everyone agrees on these; they are controversial.
- Claims of fact require proof to be acceptable to audiences.
Claims of Definition
- Focuses on defining a term or concept.
- Example questions:
- What is it?
- How should we define it?
- What is it like?
- How should it be classified?
- How should we interpret it?
- How does its usual meaning change in a particular context?
- Examples of Claims:
- Marriage needs to be redefined to include modern variations on the traditional family.
- Some so-called art exhibits are actually pornography.
- "Just" wars are defined differently than "unjust" wars.
- Sexual harassment is defined by behavior, not desire.
- Often, entire arguments center around the definition of a term.
Claims of Cause
- Focuses on identifying causes and effects.
- Example questions:
- What caused it?
- Where did it come from?
- Why did it happen?
- What are the effects?
- What will probably be the results over the short and the long term?
- Claims often describe a cause-and-effect relationship. Example Claims:
- Overeating causes disease and early death.
- A healthy economy causes people to have faith in their political leaders.
- Sending infants to day care results in psychological problems later in life.
- Inadequate funding for AIDS research will result in a worldwide epidemic
- Clear-cutting forests leads to their destruction.
- Supporting evidence for causal claims often include factual data, examples, and statistical analyses of past parallel cases
Claims of Value
- Focuses on judging the worth, goodness, or badness of something.
- Example questions:
- Is it good or bad?
- How bad?
- How good?
- Of what worth is it?
- Is it moral or immoral?
- Who thinks so?
- Example Claims:
- Public schools are better than private schools.
- Science Fiction novels are more interesting to read than romance novels.
- Dogs are the best pets.
- Computers are a valuable addition to society.
- Often, value claims establish criteria for judging worth and apply them to the subject in question.
Claims of Policy
- Focuses on suggesting solutions and courses of action for a problem.
- Example questions:
- What should we do about it?
- How should we act?
- What should our future policy be?
- How can we solve this problem?
- What concrete course of action should we pursue to solve the problem?
- Example Claims:
- We should stop spending so much on prisons and spend more on education.
- Children in low-income families should receive medical insurance from the government.
- Social security should be distributed on the basis of need rather than as an entitlement.
- Policy claims often describe a problem and suggest ways of solving it.
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Description
Explore the different types of claims used in arguments, such as claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. This quiz will help you understand how each type of claim answers specific questions and serves various purposes in discourse. Test your knowledge on identifying these claims and their implications.
