Types of Chemical Bonds

Study Notes

Chemical Bonding Types

Three types of chemical bonds exist: ionic, covalent, and metallic.
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of valence electrons between atoms.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of valence electrons between atoms.
Metallic bonds involve valence electrons freely moving throughout a structure.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal.
Metals donate electrons (become positive ions called cations).
Nonmetals accept electrons (become negative ions called anions).
Common examples of elements donates electrons: Alkali Metals, Alkali Earth Metals, Aluminum, Gallium and Indium
Common examples of elements that accept electrons: Halogens and Oxides.
Ionic compounds usually have a crystal structure: these bonds are extremely strong so they can have high melting points.
Formula for naming compounds have a cation (positive) first and then anion (negative).
Naming monatomic ions: Cation name = element name, Anion name = element root + -ide
Examples of polyatomic ions: Ammonium ([NH4]+), Hydroxide ([OH]-), Nitrate ([NO3]-), Sulfate ([SO4]2-), Carbonate ([CO3]2-), Phosphate ([PO4]3-)
Transition metals require Roman numerals in their names to indicate the charge.

Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a metalloid.
Atoms share valence electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
Naming covalent compounds:
- The more electronegative element comes first.
- Use prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-) to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound.
- Change the ending of the second element to -ide.
Examples of prefixes: mono- (1), di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4), penta- (5), hexa- (6), hepta- (7), octa- (8), nona- (9), deca- (10)

Lewis Dot Structures

Lewis dot structures represent the valence electrons of an atom using dots.
Group 1 (e.g., H) - 1 dot, group 2 0 lines
Group 2 - 2 dots. group 3 - 0 lines
Group 14 (e.g., C) - 4 dots, 4 lines
Group 15 (e.g., N) - 5 dots, 3 lines
Group 16 (e.g., O) - 6 dots, 2 lines
Group 17 (e.g., F) - 7 dots, 1 line
Group 18 (e.g., Ne) - 8 dots, 0 lines

Physical Properties

Ionic compounds are generally hard, brittle solids with high melting points; they often dissolve in water.
Covalent compounds can be solids, liquids, or gases, often with low melting points and often insoluble in water.

Description

This quiz covers the three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Learn how ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals, the roles of valence electrons, and the properties of ionic compounds. Test your knowledge on naming conventions and examples of ions.