Types of Chemical Bonds

There are three main types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic.

The three main types of chemical bonding are ionic, covalent, and metallic.

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed when one atom donates a valence electron to another atom, creating a positively charged ion (cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion). These oppositely charged ions then attract each other, forming a strong electrostatic bond.

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons. This sharing results in a stable arrangement where both atoms achieve a full outer shell of electrons.

A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between metal atoms. In a metallic bond, valence electrons are delocalized, meaning they are not bound to any specific atom but rather move freely throughout the metal's structure.

A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more valence electrons.

An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more valence electrons.

Alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), aluminum, gallium, and indium are known to donate valence electrons when forming ionic bonds.

Halogens (group 17) and oxides (group 16) usually receive valence electrons when forming ionic bonds.

The ratio of ions in an ionic compound can vary depending on the elements involved. For example, calcium chloride (CaCl2) has one calcium ion for every two chloride ions.

Ionic compounds are named by writing the name of the cation first, followed by the name of the anion. For monatomic cations, the name is the same as the element's name. For monatomic anions, the suffix -ide is added to the root name of the element.

The ionic formula for ammonium is [NH4]+. Ammonium is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

The ionic formula for hydroxide is [OH]-. Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

The ionic formula for nitrate is [NO3]-. Nitrate is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

The ionic formula for sulfate is [SO4]2-. Sulfate is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

The ionic formula for carbonate is [CO3]2-. Carbonate is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

The ionic formula for phosphate is [PO4]3-. Phosphate is a polyatomic ion, meaning it is a group of atoms that act as a single unit with a charge.

Transition metal ions are often written with a Roman numeral in parentheses after the metal's name to indicate its charge. For example, iron(II) chloride (FeCl2) indicates that the iron ion has a +2 charge.

Roman numerals are used in the names of transition metal ions to indicate their charge. The numeral corresponds to the number of valence electrons the metal ion has lost or gained.

An ionic bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

A covalent bond is formed between either two nonmetals or a nonmetal and a metalloid.

When naming covalent compounds, the name of the more electronegative element (the one that attracts electrons more strongly) is written first.

If there is more than one atom of a particular element in a covalent compound, a prefix is used to indicate the number of atoms. If there is only one atom of an element, no prefix is used.

The prefix for the number of atoms is always placed before the name of the corresponding element.

The ending of the name of the second element in a covalent compound is changed to -ide.

The prefix 'mono' is used to indicate one atom.

The prefix 'di' is used to indicate two atoms.

The prefix 'tri' is used to indicate three atoms.

The prefix 'tetra' is used to indicate four atoms.

The prefix 'penta' is used to indicate five atoms.

The prefix 'hexa' is used to indicate six atoms.

The prefix 'hepta' is used to indicate seven atoms.

The prefix 'octa' is used to indicate eight atoms.

The prefix 'nona' is used to indicate nine atoms.

The prefix 'deca' is used to indicate ten atoms.

Hydrogen (H) has 0 dots and 1 line in a Lewis dot structure.

Carbon (C) has 0 dots and 4 lines in a Lewis dot structure.

Nitrogen (N) has 2 dots and 3 lines in a Lewis dot structure.

Oxygen (O) has 4 dots and 2 lines in a Lewis dot structure.

Fluorine (F) has 6 dots and 1 line in a Lewis dot structure.

Neon (Ne) has 8 dots and 0 lines in a Lewis dot structure.

Ionic compounds are typically hard, brittle solids with high melting and boiling points. They also tend to dissolve in water. Covalent compounds, on the other hand, can be soft or hard, have lower melting and boiling points, and don't usually dissolve in water.