Chapter 6: Foundations
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Questions and Answers

What method is commonly used to observe and measure soil qualities, water table, and frost line?

  • Test bores
  • Geotechnical surveys
  • Test wells
  • Test pits (correct)

    • Which of the following properties is NOT typically considered in assessing soil?

  • Density
  • Composition (correct)
  • Consistency
  • Texture

    • What do shallow foundations directly transfer to the soil?

  • Building weight (correct)
  • Frost line depth
  • Soil porosity
  • Water table level

    • Influential variables for the frost line depth include all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Building height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do strata refer to in terms of soil layers?

    <p>The different layers of rock or earth found above and below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is matched to the loads supported above them in shallow foundations?

    <p>Wall footing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures use reinforced concrete footings in shallow foundations?

    <p>Buildings with limited space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Strata' refers to which of the following in terms of soil assessment?

    <p>'Sheet-like layers of rock or earth'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Water table' in soil assessment refers to which of the following?

    <p>'Level of ground water saturation of subsurface materials'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to determine soil properties, water table, and frost line?

    <p>Test pits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mat slab foundation?

    <p>A thick slab beneath the entire area of a building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a wall footing in a building?

    <p>To distribute the weight of a wall on the bearing soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a column footing?

    <p>Supports a column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pile foundations?

    <p>Support a load by transferring it through friction with the surrounding soil or contact with rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a mat slab foundation suitable for use?

    <p>When the load-bearing capacity of the soil is insufficient for heavy weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a grillage footing from other types of footings?

    <p>Consists of layers of beams placed at right angles to each other and encased in concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations are deep foundations typically used?

    <p>Where shallow foundations cannot be utilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of piers in foundation construction?

    <p>To transfer the weight of the structure to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are caissons in foundation construction?

    <p>Method of construction for piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do floating foundations distribute weight?

    <p>By ensuring the weight of soil removed equals the weight of the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foundation walls are made of concrete and masonry?

    <p>Stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundation wall type is most suitable for light frame construction?

    <p>Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) in foundation walls?

    <p>To provide insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Settlement of a foundation can result in which of the following?

    <p>Distorted building frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of underpinning in relation to a foundation?

    <p>To strengthen an existing foundation permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is NOT typically used in the construction of foundation walls?

    <p>Steel Beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of shoring in construction?

    <p>To offer temporary support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from differential settlement of a foundation?

    <p>Significant misalignment of structural members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using hollow foam blocks in Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) construction?

    <p>To provide insulation and structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of building settlement?

    <p>Sloped floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using mat slab foundations?

    <p>To evenly distribute the weight of the entire building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a wall footing?

    <p>A wide, thick area supporting the weight of a wall on the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In foundation construction, what is the main function of piers?

    <p>To transfer the weight of the structure to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are timber piles still used in some cases for foundation support?

    <p>To transfer loads through friction with the surrounding soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a grillage footing from other types of footings?

    <p>It consists of layers of beams placed at right angles and encased in concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do deep foundations play when shallow foundations cannot be used?

    <p>They penetrate soil directly under a building to reach stable layers that can support the weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do floating foundations ensure stability for a building?

    <p>By equally distributing the weight below and above the bearing surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are piles typically used in foundation construction?

    <p>To transfer loads through friction with the surrounding soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of post-and-pier foundations?

    <p>They consist of upright posts mounted to wedge-shaped concrete piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might caissons be mentioned in foundation construction?

    <p>To describe a method of construction for piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum depth that test pits can reach when assessing soil properties?

    <p>2.5 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In foundation construction, what is the primary role of reinforced concrete footings in shallow foundations?

    <p>To transmit the building's weight to the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor influencing the common depth at which soil water freezes, known as the frost line?

    <p>Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do specialized footings in shallow foundations aim to match with the loads supported above them?

    <p>Building lateral forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do test borings provide information on that test pits may not reach deep enough to observe?

    <p>Bearing capacity of soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the highest level of groundwater saturation in subsurface materials, known as the water table?

    <p>Season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In foundation construction, what are shallow foundations primarily responsible for in relation to the building's weight?

    <p>Transmitting it directly to the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of layer does 'stratum' refer to when describing rock or earth in soil layers?

    <p>'<em>Strata</em>' with different characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foundation walls may develop visible cracks over time but usually do not significantly affect their load-bearing ability?

    <p>Concrete and Mortared Masonry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of deformation is associated with 'heaving' in a building's structural elements?

    <p>Upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundation wall type is usually found only in older buildings and may or may not include mortar in its construction?

    <p>Stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for underpinning an existing foundation?

    <p>Excessive settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which construction technique uses hollow foam blocks filled with concrete to create structural supports?

    <p>Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the downward deformation of a building's structural elements?

    <p>Settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Shoring' in construction refers to which type of supports?

    <p>Temporary supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Differential settlement' can result in significant misalignment of structural members due to which of the following?

    <p>'Footings of different sizes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) blocks used in foundation walls?

    <p>To create an insulated concrete form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main material used in Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) construction?

    <p>Hollow foam blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do test pits provide information on that test borings may not reach deep enough to observe?

    <p>Soil strata and water table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines the depth of foundations?

    <p>Lateral forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the common depth at which ground water in soil will freeze, known as the frost line?

    <p>Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shallow foundations primarily transfer the weight of the building to?

    <p>Soil at the base of the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do specialized types of footings in shallow foundations aim to match with the loads supported above them?

    <p>Loads supported above them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of foundation depth is influenced by lateral forces and building codes?

    <p>Deep foundations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the highest level of ground water saturation of subsurface materials?

    <p>Seasonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do test borings provide information on regarding soil properties?

    <p>Soil bearing capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of reinforced concrete footings in shallow foundations?

    <p>Distributing pressure across a larger area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does water table refer to in relation to subsurface materials?

    <p>Highest level of groundwater saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foundation has a thick slab beneath the entire area of a building?

    <p>Simple slabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundation type uses a system of upright posts mounted to wedge-shaped concrete piers for transferring the weight of the structure to the ground?

    <p>Piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of caissons in foundation construction?

    <p>Method of construction for piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In foundation construction, what distinguishes a mat slab foundation from a simple slab foundation?

    <p>Heavily reinforced with steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes wall footing from column footing in shallow foundations?

    <p>Wide and thick area for wall support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foundation is designed to transmit loads over a wider area similar to a column footing?

    <p>Grillage Footing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the load-bearing capacity of the soil is insufficient for heavy weights, what must be done with the footing?

    <p>Make the footing large enough to spread out the weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Belled' piers are associated with which type of foundation elements?

    <p>'Post-and-pier' systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Floating foundations' ensure stability by:

    <p>Maintaining the weight supported by each soil layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'deep foundations' from 'shallow foundations'?

    <p>Penetrating layers to reach rock or stable soil for support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between shoring and underpinning in construction?

    <p>Shoring refers to temporary supports, while underpinning refers to permanent supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundation wall type may be found in older buildings and does not necessarily include mortar?

    <p>Stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of caissons in foundation construction?

    <p>To keep water out of an excavation for a pier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might indicate significant structural damage due to building settlement?

    <p>Distorted building frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of construction technique uses hollow foam blocks filled with concrete to form structural supports?

    <p>Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

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