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What is characteristic of flat bones?
What is characteristic of flat bones?
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
During the development of the fetus, which three germ layers are present?
During the development of the fetus, which three germ layers are present?
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What is the process of bone tissue development called?
What is the process of bone tissue development called?
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What is the name of the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
What is the name of the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
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What type of bone development occurs in the fetal phase?
What type of bone development occurs in the fetal phase?
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What is the site where ossification occurs?
What is the site where ossification occurs?
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What is the characteristic shape of long bones?
What is the characteristic shape of long bones?
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What type of bone has a thin layer of compact bone surrounding the spongy bone?
What type of bone has a thin layer of compact bone surrounding the spongy bone?
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Which of the following bones is an example of a long bone?
Which of the following bones is an example of a long bone?
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What is the characteristic feature of flat bones?
What is the characteristic feature of flat bones?
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Which of the following bones is NOT classified according to shape?
Which of the following bones is NOT classified according to shape?
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What is the name of the passage through a bone?
What is the name of the passage through a bone?
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What is the name of the rounded articular area on a bone?
What is the name of the rounded articular area on a bone?
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What is the name of the eminence superior to a condyle?
What is the name of the eminence superior to a condyle?
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What type of marrow resides in the hollow centers of long bones?
What type of marrow resides in the hollow centers of long bones?
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What is the main function of red marrow in bones?
What is the main function of red marrow in bones?
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What is the approximate number of red blood cells produced by the red marrow each day?
What is the approximate number of red blood cells produced by the red marrow each day?
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What type of fracture occurs when there is a breakage in bone due to injury or disease?
What type of fracture occurs when there is a breakage in bone due to injury or disease?
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What is the name of the study of joints?
What is the name of the study of joints?
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What type of cartilage is found in joints, as well as the nose, larynx, trachea, and ribs?
What type of cartilage is found in joints, as well as the nose, larynx, trachea, and ribs?
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What type of joint allows for little to no movement?
What type of joint allows for little to no movement?
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What is the term for a connection or union of two or more bones or cartilages?
What is the term for a connection or union of two or more bones or cartilages?
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What type of joints are characterized by the presence of a potential space called the synovial cavity?
What type of joints are characterized by the presence of a potential space called the synovial cavity?
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What type of joints are connected by cartilage and have limited movement possible?
What type of joints are connected by cartilage and have limited movement possible?
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What type of joints are characterized by the presence of a cavity filled with tissue fluid?
What type of joints are characterized by the presence of a cavity filled with tissue fluid?
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What type of joints have a wide range of motion defined by the joint capsule and supporting ligaments?
What type of joints have a wide range of motion defined by the joint capsule and supporting ligaments?
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What is the primary function of the synovial fluid in synovial joints?
What is the primary function of the synovial fluid in synovial joints?
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What is the term for the lining of the synovial cavity in synovial joints?
What is the term for the lining of the synovial cavity in synovial joints?
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What type of joints are connected by fibrocartilage?
What type of joints are connected by fibrocartilage?
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What is the term for the joint that connects the ribs to the sternum?
What is the term for the joint that connects the ribs to the sternum?
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What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic components?
What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic components?
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What is the function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What is the function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
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Which type of bone cells monitors and maintains bone tissue?
Which type of bone cells monitors and maintains bone tissue?
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What is the outer dense layer of bone tissue that gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance?
What is the outer dense layer of bone tissue that gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What is the name of the process in which osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphates?
What is the name of the process in which osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphates?
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What is the term for the skeletal system divided into two functional parts?
What is the term for the skeletal system divided into two functional parts?
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What is the term for the region of the skeletal system that includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage?
What is the term for the region of the skeletal system that includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage?
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Study Notes
Classification of Bones
- Flat bones are thin, flattened, and curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone; examples include most skull bones, scapula, sternum, and sacrum
- Irregular bones do not fit into any other category, contain foramina for soft tissue and neurovascular structures, and include vertebrae, hip bone, and some skull bones
- Sesamoid bones are small, rounded, and embedded in muscle tendons near joints; examples include patella and pisiform
Method of Formation
- Ossification (osteogenesis) is the process of bone tissue development, beginning in utero and completing around 21 years of age
- During fetal development, three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are present
- Mesenchyme develops from mesoderm and forms the embryonic skeleton, which undergoes either intramembranous or endochondral ossification
- Osteoblasts converge on the mesenchymal/cartilaginous models to initiate ossification
Bone Structure
- Bones are covered in dense connective tissue called periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner)
- Spongy (cancellous) bone is a deep, airy layer of bone that is highly vascularized
- Central canal contains nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels
- Lamellae are cylindrical plates of bone surrounding the central canal
- Lacunae are small cavities between lamellae that house osteocytes
Classification by Shape
- Long bones are tubular in shape, composed mostly of compact bone, and include femur, humerus, ulna, tibia, and clavicle
- Short bones are roughly cuboid or round in shape, contain a thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone, and include tarsal and carpal bones
- Flat bones are thin, flattened, and curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone
- Irregular bones do not fit into any other category, contain foramina for soft tissue and neurovascular structures, and include vertebrae, hip bone, and some skull bones
- Sesamoid bones are small, rounded, and embedded in muscle tendons near joints; examples include patella and pisiform
Clinical: Fracture of Bone
- A fracture is a breakage in bone due to injury, stress, or disease
- Types of fractures include simple, compound, comminute, and incomplete
Cartilage and Joints
- Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in multiple organ systems, composed of chondrocytes, collagen fibers, and ground substance rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers
- Types of cartilage include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
- Joints are connections or unions of two or more bones or cartilages
- Joints can be classified into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
Musculo-Skeletal System
- The musculo-skeletal system includes skeletal muscle, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and articulating cartilages
- The skeletal system can be divided into axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage) and appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limb bones)
Bone Functions
- Bones provide support for the body and its cavities, protect vital organs, and serve as a mechanical basis for movement
- Bones store salts, supply new blood cells, and are highly specialized living tissue
- Bone tissue is composed of cells and fibers (organic component) and calcium salts (inorganic component)
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics and examples of different bone types, including flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.
