Types of Bacteria in Plaque Formation

Types of Bacteria in Plaque

• Cocci, Filamentous, Rods, Fusobacteria, Vibrio/spirochetes, Streptococcus, Mutans/sanguis are all types of bacteria found in plaque
• Gram-positive aerobic bacteria are common in the first 1-2 days of plaque formation
• Cocci and filamentous bacteria become more prominent in the second to fourth day
• The presence of filamentous, rods and fusobacteria become more pronounced in the fourth to seventh days
• Vibrios and spirochetes are common in plaque after the seventh to fourteenth days

Plaque Formation

• Plaque forms in a multi-step process that includes pellicle formation, bacterial attachment, bacterial multiplication/colonization, bacterial growth/multiplication, and matrix formation

Calculus Formation

• Hydroxyapatite, an inorganic calcium phosphate compound, makes up 75.9% of calculus
• Subgingival calculus is often darker in color (green, brown, black) due to staining from sulcular fluids containing blood
• Supragingival calculus can be white or yellowish

Calculus Location

• Supragingival lingual mandibular anterior teeth, buccal maxillary first and second molars, and interproximal areas are locations with high calculus deposits
• Interproximal areas are particularly prone to calculus due to limited patient access for cleaning

Calculus Detection Statement

• Extent refers to whether calculus is localized or generalized
• Degree relates to the severity of calculus deposits, light, moderate, or heavy
• Area indicates the location of calculus, such as maxillary, mandibular, anterior, or posterior
• Distribution refers to the specific location of calculus, for example, interproximal, cervical, supragingival, or subgingival

Periodontal Classification

• Class 1 patients have healthy gingiva or gingivitis, with probing depths of 3-4mm or less
• Class 2 patients exhibit gingivitis or slight periodontitis, with probing depths of 3-5mm
• Class 3 patients have moderate periodontitis with probing depths of 5-7mm on 8 or more teeth
• Class 4 patients have advanced periodontitis, with bone loss, tooth mobility, furcation involvement, and probing depths of 7-8mm on 8 or more teeth
• Class 5 periodontitis is rare

Types and Classifications of Dental Stains

• Exogenous stains originate outside the tooth, while endogenous stains originate from within the tooth
• Extrinsic stains occur on the tooth surface, while intrinsic stains are within the tooth structure
• Endogenous stains are always intrinsic

Green Stain

• Green stain is caused by chromogenic bacteria
• It is difficult to remove and should not be scaled as it could be embedded in a demineralized enamel area

Orange Stain

• Occurs cervically and is associated with poor oral hygiene

Black Line Stain

• The etiology of black line stain is unknown and it cannot be removed easily

Amelogenesis Imperfect

• A disturbance in ameloblast function, the cells that produce enamel
• Resulting in yellow-brown to gray-brown enamel discoloration

Dentinogenesis Imperfect

• Affects odontoblasts, the cells forming dentin
• Causes opalescent or translucent enamel, with discoloration ranging from gray to blue-brown

Fluorosis

• Occurs due to high fluoride ingestion during tooth development
• White to yellow to brown discoloration of the enamel

Iatrogenic Stains

• Stains caused by medical exam or treatment
• Chlorohexidine, excessive fluoride, and tetracycline medications can all cause iatrogenic stains

Treatment for Active Tuberculosis

• A 4-9 month course of medication is required for Active TB
• Medications include isoniazid (INH, inhalant), rifampin, pyrazinamide
• Ethambutol may be prescribed for a duration of 6-12 months

11/12 Explorer Techniques

• Light walking strokes
• Short, overlapping, oblique strokes
• Pen grasp
• Adapt the tip 1-2 mm

Medical Emergencies

• Oxygen administration: 6-10 liters per minute
• CPR steps: 30 chest compressions, 2 rescue breaths

This quiz explores the different types of bacteria found in dental plaque and the stages of plaque formation. Understanding the roles of various bacteria such as cocci, rods, and fusobacteria over time is crucial for dental health. Test your knowledge about plaque and calculus formation processes.