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Questions and Answers
What primarily composes the central necrotic area of an abscess?
What primarily composes the central necrotic area of an abscess?
Which characteristic does NOT describe the composition of pus?
Which characteristic does NOT describe the composition of pus?
What causes the increase in osmotic pressure inside an abscess?
What causes the increase in osmotic pressure inside an abscess?
What is one consequence if the pus in an abscess is not evacuated?
What is one consequence if the pus in an abscess is not evacuated?
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Which feature of pus is attributed to bacterial pigments?
Which feature of pus is attributed to bacterial pigments?
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What is the role of chemotactic substances in the inflammation process?
What is the role of chemotactic substances in the inflammation process?
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What transformation occurs to the pyogenic membrane if pus is not evacuated from an abscess?
What transformation occurs to the pyogenic membrane if pus is not evacuated from an abscess?
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The inflammatory fluid exudate found in pus primarily comprises what?
The inflammatory fluid exudate found in pus primarily comprises what?
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What type of inflammation features exudates rich in mucin?
What type of inflammation features exudates rich in mucin?
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Which inflammation is associated with exudates rich in fibrin and typically affects serous membranes and the alveoli of the lung?
Which inflammation is associated with exudates rich in fibrin and typically affects serous membranes and the alveoli of the lung?
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What is the characteristic fluid in serous inflammation?
What is the characteristic fluid in serous inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation results in the formation of a pseudomembrane due to the presence of necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells?
Which type of inflammation results in the formation of a pseudomembrane due to the presence of necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells?
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Which inflammation involves the destruction of capillary walls leading to exudates rich in red blood cells?
Which inflammation involves the destruction of capillary walls leading to exudates rich in red blood cells?
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Necrotizing inflammation is primarily characterized by which of the following?
Necrotizing inflammation is primarily characterized by which of the following?
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In allergic inflammation, which type of exudate is predominant?
In allergic inflammation, which type of exudate is predominant?
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What is a key feature of serofibrinous inflammation?
What is a key feature of serofibrinous inflammation?
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What characterizes a carbuncle?
What characterizes a carbuncle?
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Where is a carbuncle most likely to develop?
Where is a carbuncle most likely to develop?
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What is the primary cause of cellulitis?
What is the primary cause of cellulitis?
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What difference distinguishes abscesses from cellulitis?
What difference distinguishes abscesses from cellulitis?
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What best describes the appearance of cellulitis?
What best describes the appearance of cellulitis?
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What contributes to the rapid spread of infection in cellulitis?
What contributes to the rapid spread of infection in cellulitis?
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What type of pain is typically associated with an abscess?
What type of pain is typically associated with an abscess?
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Which condition presents with increased red blood cell content?
Which condition presents with increased red blood cell content?
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What characterizes serofibrinous inflammation?
What characterizes serofibrinous inflammation?
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What is a potential fate of serofibrinous inflammation?
What is a potential fate of serofibrinous inflammation?
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What defines pseudomembranous inflammation?
What defines pseudomembranous inflammation?
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In pseudomembranous inflammation, what structure forms the pseudomembrane?
In pseudomembranous inflammation, what structure forms the pseudomembrane?
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What is the main characteristic of hemorrhagic inflammation?
What is the main characteristic of hemorrhagic inflammation?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by significant tissue necrosis?
What type of inflammation is characterized by significant tissue necrosis?
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Allergic inflammation primarily involves which type of inflammatory cells?
Allergic inflammation primarily involves which type of inflammatory cells?
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What triggers allergic inflammation in the body?
What triggers allergic inflammation in the body?
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What occurs if the pus from an abscess is not evacuated?
What occurs if the pus from an abscess is not evacuated?
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Which of the following best describes a sinus?
Which of the following best describes a sinus?
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What type of tissue is found in the pyogenic membrane of an abscess?
What type of tissue is found in the pyogenic membrane of an abscess?
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Which of the following describes a keloid?
Which of the following describes a keloid?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of burn blisters?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of burn blisters?
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What condition is associated with a fibrous tract connecting an abscess and another organ?
What condition is associated with a fibrous tract connecting an abscess and another organ?
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What is chronicity in relation to abscesses?
What is chronicity in relation to abscesses?
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Which type of inflammation is exemplified by diphtheria?
Which type of inflammation is exemplified by diphtheria?
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Which infection is caused primarily by Staphylococcus aureus?
Which infection is caused primarily by Staphylococcus aureus?
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What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
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Which mechanism triggers chronic inflammation by prolonged exposure to toxic agents?
Which mechanism triggers chronic inflammation by prolonged exposure to toxic agents?
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Which is a complication of healing related to abscesses?
Which is a complication of healing related to abscesses?
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What cells are commonly found in chronic inflammation?
What cells are commonly found in chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary difference in fluid exudates between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is the primary difference in fluid exudates between acute and chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of chronic inflammation?
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What structural change is commonly observed in blood vessels during chronic inflammation?
What structural change is commonly observed in blood vessels during chronic inflammation?
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Study Notes
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative inflammation is characterized by pus formation
- Causes of suppurative inflammation include pyogenic organisms (staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, and E. coli)
- Localized suppurative inflammation can manifest as abscesses, furuncles, and carbuncles
- Diffuse suppurative inflammation can manifest as cellulitis
Types of Suppurative Inflammation
- Abscess: A localized collection of pus within a tissue cavity.
- Cause: Staphylococci that secrete coagulase (enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin).
- Site: Any body organ, including subcutaneous tissue, breast, and brain.
Pathogenesis and Pathological Picture of Abscess
- Pyogenic bacteria and toxins cause necrosis in the central area.
- Acute inflammatory cells (mainly polymorphs) surround the necrotic area.
- The abscess is composed of three zones: central necrosis, a mid zone of pus, and a peripheral zone of acute inflammation (pyogenic membrane).
Characteristics of Pus
- Pus is thick and creamy
- Pus is alkaline
- Pus is usually yellow due to bacterial pigments and hemosiderin.
- Pus is often odorless, but may have an offensive odor if caused by E. coli.
- Pus does not clot when standing because fibrinogen is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes.
Composition of Pus
- Pus consists of the causative bacteria and their toxins
- Necrotic tissue
- Inflammatory fluid exudates
- Inflammatory cellular exudates (pus cells)
Fate of Abscess
- Pus is not readily absorbed by the body.
- Abscesses require drainage to heal.
- Healing is by granulation tissue.
- If pus is not drained, the abscess becomes chronic, and the pyogenic membrane transforms into granulation tissue.
Complications of Abscess
- Chronic abscess (chronicity): If pus isn't evacuated, the abscess becomes chronic, and pus thickens. The pyogenic membrane gradually replaces with granulation tissue.
- Spread of infection: Bacteremia, septicemia, and pyemia can result from the spread of bacteria.
- Complications of healing: Ulceration, fistula, sinus formation, and keloid formation are possible.
Non-Suppurative Inflammation
- These are defined by the type of exudate, not the presence of pus
- Types include catarrhal, fibrinous, serous, serofibrinous, membranous, necrotizing, allergic and hemorrhagic
Catarrhal Inflammation
- Characterized by a mild, non-suppurative inflammation of mucous membranes
- Rich in mucin
- Found in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory system, and urinary system
Serous Inflammation
- Acute, non-suppurative inflammation with an exudate rich in serous fluid (watery).
- Examples include burn blisters and inflammation of serous membranes like pleura, pericardium and peritoneum.
Fibrinous Inflammation
- Acute, non-suppurative inflammation characterized by exudates rich in fibrin.
- Found in serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum) and alveoli (lobar pneumonia).
Serofibrinous Inflammation
- Acute, non-suppurative inflammation with exudates rich in serous fluid and fibrin.
- Visceral and parietal layers thicken, become opaque, and lose luster.
- Accumulation of serous fluid leads to an effusion, creating a "bread-and-butter" appearance.
- microscopic examination: serosal cells are first swollen, then necrosed and desquamate (ulcer). Subserosal tissue shows dilated, congested blood vessels and edema.
- Fate: resolution (fibrin destroyed, fluid absorbed) or organization (fibrous adhesions if fibrin not removed)
Membranous (Pseudomembranous) Inflammation
- Severe, non-suppurative inflammation with a pseudomembrane over the inflamed area.
- Examples: diphtheria and bacillary dysentery
- Histological characteristics: membrane of fibrin, cell debris and bacteria
Hemorrhagic Inflammation
- Acute, non-suppurative characterized by exudates rich in RBCs due to capillary wall destruction.
- Examples: typhus, smallpox, and plague
Necrotizing Inflammation
- Acute, non-suppurative featuring marked tissue necrosis.
- Examples: Vincent angina and cancrum oris
Allergic Inflammation
- Inflammation happens when the body reacts to a specific antigen.
- Characterized by an excessively large amount of inflammatory exudate (edema) wealthy in eosinophils.
- Examples: eczema, allergic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis
Chronic Inflammation
- Slow, prolonged inflammation lasting months or years.
- Features: Minimal tissue destruction, blood vessels show endarteritis obliterans, scanty fluid exudates. Chronic inflammation involves perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, plasma cells, and foreign body giant cells. Fibroblasts proliferate rather than exudate.
Mechanisms of Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent infections (low toxicity, evoking delayed type hypersensitivity, e.g., tubercle bacilli)
- Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents (exogenous e.g. silica causing silicosis; endogenous, e.g., atherosclerosis).
- Autoimmunity (autoantigens evoke immune reaction, tissue damage and inflammation).
Summary of Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
| Feature | Acute Inflammation | Chronic Inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Causes | Severe irritant | Persistent infections; toxic agents; autoimmunity |
| Onset | Sudden | Gradual |
| Duration | Short | Prolonged |
| Vascular Phenomenon | Present | Slight or absent |
| Fluid exudate | Abundant | Scanty |
| Cardinal signs | Present | Often absent |
| Toxemia | Present | Often absent |
| Cells | Primarily neutrophils | Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, fibroblasts |
| Blood vessels | Dilated and congested | Endarteritis obliterans (thickened walls) |
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of acute inflammation, focusing on suppurative inflammation and its causes. It details the characteristics and manifestations of abscesses, furuncles, and cellulitis, along with the pathological features of abscesses. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in pathology.
