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Questions and Answers
What type of leaf is composed of many leaflets connected to a common stem?
What type of leaf is composed of many leaflets connected to a common stem?
The primary function of leaves is to absorb water from the soil.
The primary function of leaves is to absorb water from the soil.
False
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
Light phase and Dark phase (Calvin cycle)
The main gas exchange in leaves occurs through ______.
The main gas exchange in leaves occurs through ______.
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Which leaf type is narrow in shape, similar to grass?
Which leaf type is narrow in shape, similar to grass?
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Match the following parts of a leaf to their functions:
Match the following parts of a leaf to their functions:
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Transpiration is the process by which leaves retain water.
Transpiration is the process by which leaves retain water.
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Leaves primarily regulate water loss by opening and closing their ______.
Leaves primarily regulate water loss by opening and closing their ______.
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Study Notes
Lapų Tipai
- Paprasčiausi lapai: Turi paprastą struktūrą, be dalijimosi.
- Daliniai lapai: Padalinti į lapelius, kurie gali būti skirtingų formų ir dydžių.
- Kompleksiniai lapai: Sudaryti iš daugelio lapelių, kurie yra prijungti prie bendro stiebo.
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Lapai pagal formą:
- Platūs (pvz., klevas)
- Ilgi (pvz., palmių)
- Siauri (pvz., žolės)
Lapų Biologinės Funkcijos
- Fotosintezė: Pagrindinė funkcija, kur lapai gamina maistą (cukrus) iš saulės šviesos, anglies dioksido ir vandens.
- Dujų mainai: Lapai reguliuoja deguonies ir anglies dioksido išsiskyrimą per stomatas.
- Vandens reguliavimas: Kontroliuoja vandens išgaravimą per transpiration.
- Apsauga: Lapai gali turėti apsauginių cheminių medžiagų nuo herbivorų.
Fotosintezės Procesas
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Fazės:
- Šviesos fazė: Saulės energija konvertuojama į cheminę energiją (ATP ir NADPH).
- Tamsos fazė (Calvino ciklas): Naudojant ATP ir NADPH, anglies dioksidas konvertuojamas į gliukozę.
- Reikalingos medžiagos: Saulės šviesa, anglies dioksidas, vanduo.
- Mikroskopiniai procesai: Chloroplastai vykdo fotosintezę, chlorofilas sugeria šviesą.
Lapų Anatomiška Struktūra
- Epidermis: Išorinis sluoksnis, apsaugantis lapą ir sumažinantis vandens praradimą.
- Stomatos: Mažos angos epidermio paviršiuje, leidžiančios dujų mainus.
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Mezofilas: Vidinė lapo dalis, turinti dvi dalis:
- Palisadinis mezofilas: Turi daug chloroplastų, vyksta pagrindinė fotosintezė.
- Sponginis mezofilas: Laiko oro tarpus, leidžiančius dujų mainus.
- Venų sistema: Transportuoja vandenį ir maistines medžiagas, sudaryta iš xilemos ir floemo.
Vandens Reguliavimas
- Transpiracija: Vandens garavimas per stomatas, reguliuojantis vandens kiekį lapuose.
- Stomato atidarymas ir uždarymas: Kontroliuojamas aplinkos sąlygų; atidaromi dieną, uždaromi naktį, kad sumažintų vandens praradimą.
- Vandens rezervai: Lapai kaupia vandenį, ypač sausros metu.
- Geležies ir druskos absorbcija: Vanduo padeda transportuoti maistines medžiagas iš šaknų į lapus.
Types of Leaves
- Simple Leaves: Feature a straightforward structure without division.
- Compound Leaves: Divided into leaflets that can vary in shape and size.
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Leaf Shapes:
- Broad leaves (e.g., maple)
- Long leaves (e.g., palms)
- Narrow leaves (e.g., grasses)
Biological Functions of Leaves
- Photosynthesis: Primary role of leaves is to produce food (sugars) from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
- Gas Exchange: Regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide release through stomata.
- Water Regulation: Controls water loss from the plant through transpiration.
- Defense: May contain protective chemicals to deter herbivores.
Photosynthesis Process
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Phases:
- Light Phase: Sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
- Dark Phase (Calvin Cycle): ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
- Necessary Materials: Requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
- Microscopic Processes: Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts where chlorophyll absorbs light.
Anatomical Structure of Leaves
- Epidermis: The outer layer that protects the leaf and reduces water loss.
- Stomata: Tiny openings on the epidermis for gas exchange.
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Mesophyll: Inner part of the leaf divided into two regions:
- Palisade Mesophyll: Contains many chloroplasts and is the main site of photosynthesis.
- Spongy Mesophyll: Contains air spaces that facilitate gas exchange.
- Vascular System: Transports water and nutrients; consists of xylem and phloem.
Water Regulation
- Transpiration: The process of water vapor escaping through stomata, helping regulate leaf water content.
- Stomatal Opening and Closing: Controlled by environmental conditions; opens during the day and closes at night to minimize water loss.
- Water Reserves: Leaves can store water, especially during drought conditions.
- Iron and Salt Absorption: Water aids in transporting nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
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Description
Explore the various types of leaves, including simple, compound, and complex forms, along with their unique shapes. Dive into the biological functions of leaves such as photosynthesis and gas exchange. Understand the significance of leaves in plant survival and adaptation.
