Type 2 Diabetes Response and Management

<p>IgG antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating IgE antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centriacinar emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli and alveolar ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammatory response to inhaled irritants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to cigarette smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduct air to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more likely to be triggered by environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections due to accumulation of mucus and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large, irregular opacities with a 'honeycomb' appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predominantly localized to the lower lobes, particularly the basal segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired gas exchange due to destruction of lung parenchyma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cor pulmonale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent infection and inflammation of the bronchial walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent dilation and scarring of the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of bronchiectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of mucoactive agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent and treat bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for lung transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle and elastic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T helper 2 cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly activating mast cells to release histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchospasm (immediate airway constriction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruiting eosinophils to the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce excessive mucus that can obstruct the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic airway inflammation and remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They present allergens to T helper 2 cells, initiating the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils produce major basic protein, which is a key mediator of airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased mucus production by goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of gas exchange surface area and enlargement of airspaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medium-sized airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD8+ T-cells and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent dilation and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired mucociliary clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruitment of eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of lung tissue and respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cell degranulation and release of preformed mediators such as histamine, which causes bronchospasm, vasodilation, and increased permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis of allergens and presentation to T-cells, leading to the activation of T-cells and the production of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils and neutrophils, which perpetuate inflammation and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas exchange and the conduction of air to and from the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform destruction of the entire acinus, resulting in large, grape-like airspaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated bouts of infection and inflammation, leading to chronic airway damage and scarring, which ultimately impair lung function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uptake and processing of allergens, followed by the presentation of allergens to T-cells, leading to the activation of T-cells and the production of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recruitment of eosinophils to the airways, where they contribute to inflammation and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic obstruction and recurrent infections are key clinical features leading to bronchiectasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor clearance of secretions leads to obstruction and increased risk of infection in the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hallmark is reduced lung compliance accompanied by dyspnea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors like primary ciliary dyskinesia and genetic disorders can lead to tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic infections worsen airway inflammation, leading to further bronchial dilation and damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxemia results from impaired gas exchange due to airway obstruction and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can impair mucociliary clearance, leading to increased infection risk and bronchiectasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyskinesia leads to stagnation of secretions, promoting infection and continuous inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhaled tobacco smoke and noxious particles trigger inflammation in the lungs, leading to the release of enzymes like elastase. These enzymes break down elastin, a protein essential for maintaining the structure of lung tissue. This breakdown results in the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to the formation of large air spaces characteristic of emphysema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1-antitrypsin is an enzyme inhibitor that protects the lungs from the damaging effects of elastase. Individuals with α1-antitrypsin deficiency have lower levels of this inhibitor, making them more vulnerable to the breakdown of elastin by elastase. This increased susceptibility to elastase activity leads to the development of emphysema, even in the absence of significant tobacco smoke exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema affects the entire acinus, from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs, resulting in a uniform widening of the airspaces. It is often associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency and may develop without significant tobacco smoke exposure. Centriacinar emphysema, on the other hand, primarily affects the central portion of the acinus, particularly the respiratory bronchioles, leading to a more localized widening of the airspaces. It is strongly associated with smoking and is the most common type of emphysema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema causes a reduction in the surface area available for gas exchange due to the destruction of alveoli. This impaired gas exchange leads to decreased oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxemia) and increased carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia). The body's response to these imbalances, particularly the increased work of breathing required to maintain adequate oxygenation, results in shortness of breath. The loss of elastic recoil in the lungs also contributes to dyspnea as it makes it more difficult for the lungs to exhale properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation and inflammation of the airways, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance. The dilation of the airways results in a loss of the normal shape and function of the bronchial walls. This dilation, coupled with the chronic inflammation, makes it difficult for the airways to effectively clear mucus, leading to recurrent infections and a buildup of secretions. This distinguishes bronchiectasis from other airway diseases, such as asthma, which primarily involve bronchospasm and reversible narrowing of the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiectasis can lead to several complications, including recurrent infections, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, and heart failure. Recurrent infections occur due to the impaired mucociliary clearance, which allows bacteria and other pathogens to accumulate in the dilated airways. Pulmonary hypertension can develop as a result of the increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries caused by the obstruction and inflammation. Respiratory failure may occur due to the decreased ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Heart failure can also develop due to the increased workload on the heart from the respiratory failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking is the leading cause of COPD, which is a group of lung diseases that include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and excess mucus production in the airways, while emphysema involves destruction of the air sacs in the lungs. Smoking damages the lungs in several ways, including by triggering inflammation and increasing the production of elastase, which breaks down lung tissue. The damage caused by smoking can lead to both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, contributing to the development of COPD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. In emphysema, cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β contribute to the destruction of lung tissue by promoting the release of elastase. In bronchiectasis, cytokines like IL-8 and IL-6 promote inflammation and mucus production, contributing to the persistent dilation and infection of the airways. These inflammatory mediators create a vicious cycle of damage and inflammation, perpetuating the disease process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke contains toxic substances that directly damage respiratory cells and induce hyperplasia of mucous-secreting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperplasia leads to increased mucin secretion and excess mucous production in the bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke causes excessive secretion of mucous due to increased mucous goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histologically, affected bronchi show goblet cell hyperplasia and mucopurulent secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carcinogens in tobacco smoke can initiate cellular changes leading to malignancies in lung tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperemia reflects increased blood flow and inflammation in response to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess mucous production can obstruct airways, causing respiratory distress and contributing to chronic cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive changes, like hyperplastic responses, indicate ongoing damage and adaptation of lung tissues to the toxic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>define</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>airspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stabilizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>eotaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>entire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>obstructive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>panacinar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chronic obstructive pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mucopurulent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eotaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema = Destruction of alveolar walls leading to airspace enlargement Bronchiectasis = Persistent dilation and inflammation of the airways Asthma = Airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and bronchospasm COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease encompassing emphysema and chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils = Release of cytotoxic mediators contributing to airway damage Mast cells = Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators during allergic responses Neutrophils = Phagocytosis of bacteria and other pathogens Goblet cells = Increased mucus production contributing to airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea = Shortness of breath, a common symptom in various lung conditions Wheezing = A whistling sound during breathing, characteristic of bronchospasm in asthma Chronic cough = Persistent cough, often associated with chronic bronchitis and COPD Hemoptysis = Coughing up blood, a potential complication of bronchiectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking = A major risk factor for both emphysema and chronic bronchitis Air pollution = Exposure to pollutants can contribute to the development of asthma and COPD Family history = Genetics plays a role in the susceptibility to developing asthma and other lung conditions Allergens = Exposure to allergens is a key trigger for asthma attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine = Released by mast cells, causes bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability Cytokines = Intercellular signaling molecules involved in immune responses and inflammation Leukotrienes = Potent inflammatory mediators, contribute to bronchospasm and airway edema Eotaxin = A chemokine that attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced lung compliance = Decreased ability of the lungs to expand, often seen in emphysema Increased airway resistance = Increased difficulty in breathing due to narrowing of the airways, common in asthma Impaired mucociliary clearance = Reduced ability to clear mucus from the airways, can lead to infections in bronchiectasis Altered ventilation-perfusion ratio = Mismatch between air flow and blood flow in the lungs, leading to hypoxemia in COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilators = Medications that relax airway muscles and relieve bronchospasm in asthma Inhaled corticosteroids = Anti-inflammatory medications used to reduce inflammation in asthma and COPD Oxygen therapy = Supplementation with oxygen to improve blood oxygen levels in COPD and other lung conditions Pulmonary rehabilitation = A program designed to improve exercise tolerance and overall well-being in patients with COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension = Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, a potential complication of chronic lung diseases Cor pulmonale = Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension, often seen in advanced COPD Respiratory failure = Inability of the lungs to adequately oxygenate the blood, a serious complication of various lung conditions Pneumothorax = Collapsed lung, a potential risk in patients with emphysema due to weakened lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodes of shortness of breath = Destruction of smooth muscle and supporting elastic tissue Hypoxemia = Chronic infection Hypercapnia = Obstruction of airways Wheezing = Inflammation and damage to airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics = Preventing infections Mucolytics = Clearing airway secretions Surgery = Addressing localized disease Corticosteroids = Reducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiectasis = Persistent dilation and inflammation of airways Emphysema = Destruction of lung tissue leading to enlarged airspaces Hypoxemia = Low oxygen levels in the blood Hypercapnia = High carbon dioxide levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle cells = Contraction and relaxation of airways Goblet cells = Secretion of mucus Eosinophils = Release of inflammatory mediators Macrophages = Phagocytosis of debris and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension = Chronic inflammation and obstruction Respiratory failure = Severe obstruction and gas exchange impairment Cor pulmonale = Right ventricular enlargement due to pulmonary hypertension Infections = Compromised immune defenses and impaired airway clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking = Chronic airway irritation and inflammation Air pollution = Increased airway reactivity and inflammation Genetic predisposition = Susceptibility to certain conditions Infections = Triggering inflammation and exacerbations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema is characterized by narrowing of airways = False Bronchiectasis is typically located in the lower lobes of the lungs = False Chronic lung diseases involve mediators like cytokines in immune responses = True The destruction of airspace in emphysema is a stabilizing process = False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines = Chemical messengers that regulate immune responses Mucolytics = Agents that break down mucus Antibiotics = Drugs that kill or inhibit bacteria Corticosteroids = Hormones that reduce inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxemia = Reduced oxygen levels in the blood Bronchospasm = Constriction of the airways Emphysema = Destruction of lung tissue, leading to air trapping Pulmonary hypertension = High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing = Bronchospasm, mucous plugging Dyspnea = Air trapping, airway obstruction Rales = Fluid in the lungs, congestion Clubbing = Chronic hypoxia, long-term lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma = Airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, bronchospasm Emphysema = Destruction of lung tissue, air trapping Bronchiectasis = Persistent dilation of airways, inflammation Pulmonary hypertension = Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, often a complication of other lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air trapping = Reduced airflow, difficulty exhaling Airway obstruction = Reduced airflow, difficulty breathing Inflammation = Swelling, mucus production, airway narrowing Hypoxia = Reduced oxygen levels in the blood, can lead to organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet cells = Produce mucus Eosinophils = Involved in allergic responses, inflammation Mast cells = Release histamine, involved in immediate allergic reactions Macrophages = Engulf and destroy pathogens, involved in inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atopic = Relating to allergies, often associated with asthma Non-atopic = Not related to allergies, can also cause asthma Dyspnea = Difficulty breathing Clubbing = Enlargement of the fingertips, often associated with chronic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation = Asthma Caused by destruction of lung tissue, leading to air trapping = Emphysema Marked by persistent dilation of airways and inflammation = Bronchiectasis Often a complication of other lung diseases, leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries = Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation = Contributes to airway narrowing, mucus production, and tissue damage Air pollution = Can trigger asthma attacks, contribute to chronic lung disease Genetic predisposition = Can increase susceptibility to certain lung conditions Smoking = Major risk factor for COPD, emphysema, and lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea = Narrowing of bronchioles due to inflammation and fibrosis Wheezing = Airway obstruction caused by bronchospasm and mucus accumulation Cough = Inflammation and irritation of the airway lining Hemoptysis = Damage to blood vessels in the lungs due to inflammation or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-8 = Recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation TNF = Activation of inflammatory cells and promotion of tissue damage Leukotrienes = Bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability Eotaxin = Attraction and activation of eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma = Bronchospasm, airway inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion Emphysema = Destruction of alveolar walls leading to airspace enlargement Bronchiectasis = Persistent dilation and inflammation of the bronchi COPD = Chronic inflammation and airflow obstruction, often involving both emphysema and chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells = Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators upon allergen exposure Eosinophils = Contribute to airway inflammation and remodeling through the release of cytotoxic proteins T lymphocytes = Coordinate the immune response and contribute to chronic inflammation Goblet cells = Increased mucus production leading to airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking = Increased risk of COPD, lung cancer, and other respiratory diseases Air pollution = Contributes to airway inflammation and exacerbates existing lung conditions Genetic predisposition = Can influence susceptibility to certain lung diseases Infections = Can trigger exacerbations and contribute to chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxemia = Reduced oxygen levels in the blood due to impaired gas exchange Hypercapnia = Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood due to poor ventilation Clubbing = Enlargement of the fingertips due to chronic hypoxia Cor pulmonale = Right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilators = Used to relieve bronchospasm in asthma and COPD Inhaled corticosteroids = Reduce airway inflammation in asthma and COPD Antibiotics = Treat bacterial infections that can contribute to exacerbations of lung diseases Oxygen therapy = Supplement oxygen levels in patients with hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atopic = Relating to allergic reactions mediated by IgE antibodies Non-atopic = Not related to allergic reactions, often with unknown triggers Exacerbation = A worsening of symptoms in a chronic lung disease Remission = A period of time when symptoms of a chronic lung disease are reduced or absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchoconstriction = Narrowing of airways Increased vascular permeability = Fluid leakage into the airways Mucus production = Thickening of airway secretions Vasodilation = Increased blood flow to the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic airway inflammation and obstruction = Asthma Airspace enlargement due to alveolar destruction = Emphysema Persistent dilation and inflammation of bronchi = Bronchiectasis Chronic inflammation and mucus hypersecretion = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells = Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators Eosinophils = Infiltration of the airways and release of toxic proteins T-cells = Coordinate immune responses and stimulate other cells Neutrophils = First responders to infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vascular permeability = Fluid leakage into the airways, swelling, and airway obstruction Bronchoconstriction = Narrowing of airways, difficulty breathing, and wheezing Mucus hypersecretion = Thickening of airway secretions, impaired airflow, and coughing Eosinophil infiltration = Release of toxic proteins that damage airway tissue and contribute to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predominantly affects the respiratory bronchioles = Centrilobular emphysema Distension of all lung units within a lobule = Panacinar emphysema Affects the distal alveoli and alveolar ducts = Paraseptal emphysema Associated with smoking and air pollution = Centrilobular emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea = Airflow obstruction and reduced lung capacity Wheezing = Narrowing of airways and turbulent airflow Cough = Irritation of airways and excessive mucus production Hypoxemia = Reduced oxygen exchange in the lungs due to impaired airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine = Causes bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased vascular permeability Leukotrienes = Potent bronchoconstrictors and stimulate mucus production Cytokines = Regulate immune responses and promote inflammation Eotaxin = Attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dominated by bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and vasodilation = Early-phase response Characterized by airway inflammation, infiltration of eosinophils, and tissue remodeling = Late-phase response Develops within minutes of allergen exposure = Early-phase response May occur hours or days after allergen exposure = Late-phase response</p> Signup and view all the answers