Symposia (T1): Living with diabetes

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Questions and Answers

What are the macronutrients involved in the physiology of diabetes?

Sugars, vitamins, minerals

Vitamins, minerals, water

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins (correct)

Fiber, antioxidants, water

Which type of diabetes is specifically associated with insulin secretion issues?

Type 1 (correct)

Type 3

Gestational diabetes

Type 2

How does exercise aid in diabetes management?

By reducing the need for insulin

By impacting receptor sites and insulin's role in skeletal muscle (correct)

By increasing insulin secretion

By decreasing the sensitivity of receptor sites

Which organization provides professional guidance for managing type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes?

Diabetes UK Signup and view all the answers

What can poorly managed diabetes increase the risk of?

Coronary disease Signup and view all the answers

Which component of insulin metabolism does exercise impact?

Receptor sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred method for attendees to relay questions to the psychologist?

Sending questions through the event host Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the symposium in relation to diabetes?

Covering nutritional relevance to diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the nurse's area of expertise?

Primary care and diabetes management Signup and view all the answers

Why does the host request clear communication from the attendees?

Because of the psychologist's hearing impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychologist's remote location during the symposium?

A clinic in London Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific focus of the psychologist's clinics?

Type one diabetes and cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Nordic healthy diet?

Moderate carbohydrate restriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of lifestyle interventions for managing type 2 diabetes?

Reduce insulin resistance and secretion through weight management and activity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insulin resistance?

Increasing insulin production with decreasing effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of doctors in managing diabetes?

Guiding patients towards beneficial dietary and lifestyle changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of pre-diabetes screening in primary care?

Early detection for better success in reversing progression to diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of replacing saturated fats in diabetes management?

Important for vascular health Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a simple yet effective form of physical activity for diabetes prevention?

Walking Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of dietary messages for diabetes prevention?

Reducing calorie intake for weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight loss percentage that can have a significant impact on cardiovascular health?

5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of nutrition recommendations for weight loss of at least 5%?

Monitoring energy, saturated fat, and fiber intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of dietary and lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes?

Practical, actionable recommendations Signup and view all the answers

Why are tailored approaches to identification, diagnosis, and treatment necessary for health disparities within populations?

To address complexities and disparities within populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycaemic index (GI)?

To measure how quickly blood sugars rise after a meal Signup and view all the answers

What does a low GI value indicate about a carbohydrate?

It is slowly digested and absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between plant cell walls and the accessibility of sugars and starches?

Breaking down the walls allows easy access to the sugars and starches inside the cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of breaking down the walls inside wheat grains or crushing apples for juice?

It frees the stored starch and allows easy access to sugars Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of mashing a potato on the starch inside the cells?

It breaks open the cells, leading to the swelling of starch due to gelatinization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of a low GI diet on blood sugar levels?

It helps control blood sugar levels by reducing high excursions Signup and view all the answers

What does a high GI value indicate about a carbohydrate?

It is rapidly digested and absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plant cell walls in the digestion of sugars and starches?

They act as a barrier, making it difficult for sugars and starches to be digested Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of rapid starch breakdown to glucose and absorption on blood glucose levels?

It leads to quicker rises in blood sugars Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cohort studies related to glycaemic index (GI)?

To show a strong association between regular consumption of low GI food and decreased risk of chronic disease including T2D Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy store for a plant?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the exception to carbohydrates being of plant origin?

Milk sugar (lactose) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?

Enzymes can break down starch but not cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Where are sugars or starch stored inside a plant cell?

Juice Signup and view all the answers

What gives plant foods their shape?

Cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the majority of cells when an apple is chewed and swallowed?

They remain intact and are swallowed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of dietary fiber?

Plant cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between starch and cellulose in terms of digestion and utilization?

The way glucose is bound to each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumed size of a chewed bite of food?

2mm x 2mm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the plant cell walls in relation to sugars and starches?

Affect accessibility and digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor affecting adherence and engagement in diabetes self-management?

Social support from family and friends Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of psychological distress that can increase the challenge a person with diabetes faces in self-management?

Generalized anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the healthcare provider ideally in relation to the patient with diabetes?

Warm, supportive, and empathic Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis in the text regarding diabetes and its management?

Diabetes is a treatable condition and most living with diabetes live well Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that can affect a patient's confidence in implementing and following their self-management?

Self-efficacy and perceived control Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of completing a comprehensive assessment for a person with diabetes?

To offer psychological/mental health support for nondiabetes related difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when considering factors affecting adherence and engagement in diabetes self-management?

Relationship with healthcare provider Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing diabetes self-management challenges related to psychological distress?

Offer psychological/mental health support for nondiabetes related difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of psychological distress on a person with diabetes?

It increases the challenge faced with diabetes self-management Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall message regarding living with diabetes?

Diabetes is a treatable condition and most living with diabetes live well Signup and view all the answers

According to the Biopsychosocial Model of Health, diabetes impacts on which aspects of life?

Physical, emotional, social, and financial aspects Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lancet, what are the age and sex standardised prevalence rates (per 100) of Type 2 diabetes for African Caribbean individuals?

5.3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the DAWN2 Study mentioned in the text?

Psychosocial and self-management education and support Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group has the highest age and sex standardised prevalence rates (per 100) of Type 2 diabetes according to the Lancet?

Pakistani or Bangladeshi Signup and view all the answers

Who is the author of the Biopsychosocial Model of Health?

Engel Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Dr. Russell Jacob mentioned in the text?

Principal Clinical Psychologist Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Diabetes Psychology Service mentioned in the text located?

Royal Free Hospital, London Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of the DAWN2 Study mentioned in the text?

Gaps in care around psychosocial and self-management education and support Signup and view all the answers

According to the Lancet, what are the age and sex standardised prevalence rates (per 100) of Type 2 diabetes for all ethnic minorities?

5.7 Signup and view all the answers

What does the DAWN2 Study highlight as existing gaps in care for diabetes?

Psychosocial and self-management education and support Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with higher levels of obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and poor blood pressure control, increasing the risk of diabetes?

Deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to feeling overwhelmed and defeated by diabetes management?

Diabetes 'burn-out' Signup and view all the answers

What can negatively affect diabetes self-care, leading to loss of motivation for medication adherence?

Depression and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for diabetes management, and non-adherence can lead to poor outcomes?

Adherence to medication Signup and view all the answers

What can impact a person's understanding and adherence to their treatment regimen?

Health literacy, cognitive decline, and language barriers Signup and view all the answers

What can affect a person's sense of identity, affecting their engagement with diabetes management?

Cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to fear of testing blood glucose levels and sporadic administration of medication?

Psychological sequelae of living with diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What can challenge a person's engagement with diabetes management?

Relationship problems Signup and view all the answers

What can impact a person's adherence to their treatment regimen?

Cognitive and language barriers Signup and view all the answers

What can impact a person's engagement with diabetes management?

Cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy store for a plant?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the exception to carbohydrates being of animal origin?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?

Digestibility by enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Where does dietary fiber come from?

Plant cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the majority of cells in a chewed bite of plant food?

They remain intact and are swallowed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of carbohydrate digestion and utilization?

Structure Signup and view all the answers

Where are juice (sugars) or starch stored inside a plant cell?

Inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

What gives plant foods their shape?

Cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What do we not fully know about plant cell walls?

Their structure Signup and view all the answers

What can our enzymes break down, but not cellulose?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component of the Year of Care approach for diabetes management?

Technologies in diabetes management Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diabetes management, what is the primary focus of the Diabetes Community Team in West Sussex?

Collaborative approaches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a social prescriber in the context of diabetes management?

Active signposting Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is specifically mentioned as a relevant resource for diabetes care planning and management?

Diabetes UK Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of the Diabetes Annual Care Review by Diabetes UK?

Promoting self-care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the NHS Long Term Plan (2019) in relation to diabetes management?

Social Prescribing Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diabetes care, what is the role of the Diabetes Nurse Specialist?

Promoting self-care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) CKS in relation to diabetes management?

Collaborative approaches Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people who will be diagnosed with diabetes in the UK by 2025?

5 million Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults living with diabetes in the UK have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What was the global prevalence of diabetes per 100,000 people in 1990?

228 Signup and view all the answers

According to NICE Guidelines [NG28] (2015), what should be taken into account when adopting an approach to diabetes care?

Preferences, comorbidities, and risks from polypharmacy Signup and view all the answers

What are the blood tests recommended for the annual review of diabetes management?

HbA1c, U&E's, FBC, cholesterol / EMMSU microalbuminuria Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage change in global prevalence of diabetes per 100,000 people from 1990 to 2017?

0.89% Signup and view all the answers

What are the estimated numbers of diagnosed and undiagnosed cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the UK (2018/19 data)?

3.9 million diagnosed and 1 million undiagnosed Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Dietary Recommendations

Type 2 diabetes prevention strategies are complex due to the diverse and poorly defined forms of the disease.
While prevention may not be feasible for everyone due to the complexity of the pathology, broad strategies for prevention are still important.
Nutrition messages must be evidence-based and clear to combat misleading information often found on social media.
Health disparities within populations, such as differences in BMI thresholds for obesity symptoms, require tailored approaches to identification, diagnosis, and treatment.
Certain population groups, such as those of black Caribbean African descent, may need earlier and more proactive management and treatment for type 2 diabetes due to presenting symptoms at lower BMIs.
Main dietary messages for diabetes prevention include reducing calorie intake for weight loss, with even a 5% weight loss having a significant impact on cardiovascular health.
There is no special diabetic diet; the focus is on healthy eating, including plenty of fruits and vegetables, limited animal fats, and mindfulness of carbohydrate intake.
Nutrition recommendations for weight loss of at least 5% include monitoring energy, saturated fat, and fiber intake, as well as increasing physical activity, such as walking.
Walking is emphasized as a simple yet effective form of physical activity that can have a positive impact on overall health.
The discussion emphasizes the importance of managing weight and the potential health benefits of even a modest 5% weight loss for individuals who are overweight or obese.
The focus is on practical, actionable dietary and lifestyle recommendations that can contribute to the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
The conversation underscores the need for evidence-based nutrition messages and tailored approaches to diabetes prevention and management to address the complexities and disparities within populations.

Challenges and Considerations in Diabetes Management

People of Black and South Asian ethnicity develop Type 2 diabetes earlier than the White population in the UK
Deprivation is associated with higher levels of obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and poor blood pressure control, increasing the risk of diabetes
The Health Survey for England 2011 found that those in the lowest income quintile were more likely to have diabetes
Long-term conditions, mental health, and biopsychosocial factors impact diabetes and its complications
Various factors such as cultural differences, relationship problems, and financial issues can impact diabetes control
Psychological sequelae of living with diabetes include fear of testing blood glucose levels and sporadic administration of medication
Diabetes "burn-out" can lead to feeling overwhelmed and defeated by diabetes management
Depression and anxiety can negatively affect diabetes self-care, leading to loss of motivation for medication adherence
Adherence to medication is crucial for diabetes management, and non-adherence can lead to poor outcomes
Factors affecting adherence include cognitive and language barriers, as well as psychological factors such as identity
Health literacy, cognitive decline, and language barriers can impact a person's understanding and adherence to their treatment regimen
A person's sense of identity can be challenged by diabetes, affecting their engagement with diabetes management

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Description

Test your knowledge of type 2 diabetes prevention and dietary recommendations with this quiz. Learn about evidence-based nutrition strategies, tailored approaches for different population groups, the impact of weight loss on cardiovascular health, and practical dietary and lifestyle recommendations. Understand the complexities and disparities within populations and the importance of clear, evidence-based nutrition messages.