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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of human coronavirus?
Which of the following is NOT a type of human coronavirus?
The Salk polio vaccine is administered intravenously.
The Salk polio vaccine is administered intravenously.
False
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of influenza?
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of influenza?
What is the common name for the viral illness caused by the Rubella virus?
What is the common name for the viral illness caused by the Rubella virus?
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What is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children?
What is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children?
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What type of virus is responsible for causing rabies?
What type of virus is responsible for causing rabies?
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Which virus is responsible for causing infectious parotitis?
Which virus is responsible for causing infectious parotitis?
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What is the name of the immune deficiency caused by HIV infection?
What is the name of the immune deficiency caused by HIV infection?
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What is the most common cause of the common cold?
What is the most common cause of the common cold?
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Which of the following viruses is transmitted through the fecal-oral route?
Which of the following viruses is transmitted through the fecal-oral route?
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Which of the following is a warning sign of severe dengue?
Which of the following is a warning sign of severe dengue?
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The ______ virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
The ______ virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
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Which type of polio vaccine contains attenuated poliovirus?
Which type of polio vaccine contains attenuated poliovirus?
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West Nile Virus is transmitted by sandflies.
West Nile Virus is transmitted by sandflies.
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What is the primary mode of transmission for the Ebola virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for the Ebola virus?
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What is the primary prevention measure for measles?
What is the primary prevention measure for measles?
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What is the name of the characteristic spots found in the buccal mucosa of a person with measles?
What is the name of the characteristic spots found in the buccal mucosa of a person with measles?
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Which of the following viruses is NOT an enveloped virus?
Which of the following viruses is NOT an enveloped virus?
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Parainfluenza virus can cause croup, a respiratory infection characterized by a barking cough.
Parainfluenza virus can cause croup, a respiratory infection characterized by a barking cough.
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Which of the following viruses is primarily associated with gastrointestinal symptoms?
Which of the following viruses is primarily associated with gastrointestinal symptoms?
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What is the name of the most common cause of viral pneumonia in children under 6 months old?
What is the name of the most common cause of viral pneumonia in children under 6 months old?
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Study Notes
RNA Viruses
- RNA viruses are classified based on their single-stranded or double-stranded nature, positive or negative sense, and whether they are enveloped or naked.
- Viruses with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA are further categorized into groups like Picorna, Calici, Toga, Flavi, Corona, and Retro.
- Viruses with negative-sense, single-stranded RNA include Bunya, Orthomyxo, Paramyxo, Rhabdo (bullet-shaped), and Arena.
- Viruses with double-stranded RNA are represented by Reo.
Positive-Sense RNA Viruses
Picornaviridae
- Includes viruses like rhinovirus (common cold), coxsackie virus (hand-foot-and-mouth disease), and enterovirus (poliovirus).
- Enteroviruses cause mild infections and can progress to paralytic polio.
- Rhinovirus is the most common cause of common colds.
- Polio vaccines include Salk (IPV) and Sabin (OPV).
- Coxsackie A virus is linked to hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina.
- Coxsackie B virus is associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, and other infections.
- Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an enterovirus transmitted fecally.
Togaviridae
- Includes alphaviruses (like chikungunya) and the rubella virus (German measles).
- Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and often trigger high fevers and skin rashes.
- Rubella causes a distinctive rash and can lead to complications during pregnancy. Congenital rubella syndrome can result in severe birth defects like heart and hearing problems.
Flaviviridae
- Includes viruses like dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile.
- Dengue is characterized by high fever, joint pain, and rash; severe forms can include hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome.
- Zika virus can cause severe birth defects; it can be transmitted vertically.
- Hepatitis C might be included, but the file indicates it's not.
Caliciviridae
- Includes norovirus, a common cause of gastroenteritis.
- Hepatitis E virus, though a calicivirus, can cause gastroenteritis.
Coronaviridae
- Includes human coronaviruses (common colds), MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19).
- Viruses can cause severe respiratory symptoms, often with high severity and potential mortality.
Negative-Sense RNA Viruses
Paramyxoviridae
- Includes parainfluenza virus (croup), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles (rubeola), and mumps.
- These cause respiratory infections and systemic symptoms. Parainfluenza causes croup. RSV causes severe respiratory infections in young children. Measles are characterized by a distinctive rash, and mumps target the salivary glands. Measles can progress to encephalitis, a form of brain inflammation.
Rhabdoviridae
- Includes rabies virus, which is zoonotic (spreads from animals to humans).
- This is transmitted by bites through the saliva of infected animals.
- Symptoms include neurological problems and may progress to fatal respiratory failure.
Filoviridae
- Includes Ebola virus.
- This has a high mortality rate, and requires strict biosecurity to prevent outbreaks.
Bunyaviridae
- Includes viruses such as California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Sandfly fever virus.
- The infections can cause a wide array of symptoms, including fever, muscle ache and headaches.
Arenaviridae
- Includes viruses such as Lassa virus and Machupo virus.
- The infections can cause a wide array of symptoms, including fever, muscle ache and headaches.
Reoviridae
- Includes viruses such as rotavirus.
- This is a virus that primarily affects children causing Gastroenteritis.
Retroviridae
- Includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), known for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
- HIV requires antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control and manage.
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