Untitled Quiz

RNA Viruses

• RNA viruses are classified based on their single-stranded or double-stranded nature, positive or negative sense, and whether they are enveloped or naked.
• Viruses with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA are further categorized into groups like Picorna, Calici, Toga, Flavi, Corona, and Retro.
• Viruses with negative-sense, single-stranded RNA include Bunya, Orthomyxo, Paramyxo, Rhabdo (bullet-shaped), and Arena.
• Viruses with double-stranded RNA are represented by Reo.

Positive-Sense RNA Viruses

Picornaviridae

• Includes viruses like rhinovirus (common cold), coxsackie virus (hand-foot-and-mouth disease), and enterovirus (poliovirus).
• Enteroviruses cause mild infections and can progress to paralytic polio.
• Rhinovirus is the most common cause of common colds.
• Polio vaccines include Salk (IPV) and Sabin (OPV).
• Coxsackie A virus is linked to hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina.
• Coxsackie B virus is associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, and other infections.
• Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an enterovirus transmitted fecally.

Togaviridae

• Includes alphaviruses (like chikungunya) and the rubella virus (German measles).
• Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and often trigger high fevers and skin rashes.
• Rubella causes a distinctive rash and can lead to complications during pregnancy. Congenital rubella syndrome can result in severe birth defects like heart and hearing problems.

Flaviviridae

• Includes viruses like dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile.
• Dengue is characterized by high fever, joint pain, and rash; severe forms can include hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome.
• Zika virus can cause severe birth defects; it can be transmitted vertically.
• Hepatitis C might be included, but the file indicates it's not.

Caliciviridae

• Includes norovirus, a common cause of gastroenteritis.
• Hepatitis E virus, though a calicivirus, can cause gastroenteritis.

Coronaviridae

• Includes human coronaviruses (common colds), MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19).
• Viruses can cause severe respiratory symptoms, often with high severity and potential mortality.

Negative-Sense RNA Viruses

Paramyxoviridae

• Includes parainfluenza virus (croup), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles (rubeola), and mumps.
• These cause respiratory infections and systemic symptoms. Parainfluenza causes croup. RSV causes severe respiratory infections in young children. Measles are characterized by a distinctive rash, and mumps target the salivary glands. Measles can progress to encephalitis, a form of brain inflammation.

Rhabdoviridae

• Includes rabies virus, which is zoonotic (spreads from animals to humans).
• This is transmitted by bites through the saliva of infected animals.
• Symptoms include neurological problems and may progress to fatal respiratory failure.

Filoviridae

• Includes Ebola virus.
• This has a high mortality rate, and requires strict biosecurity to prevent outbreaks.

Bunyaviridae

• Includes viruses such as California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Sandfly fever virus.
• The infections can cause a wide array of symptoms, including fever, muscle ache and headaches.

Arenaviridae

• Includes viruses such as Lassa virus and Machupo virus.
• The infections can cause a wide array of symptoms, including fever, muscle ache and headaches.

Reoviridae

• Includes viruses such as rotavirus.
• This is a virus that primarily affects children causing Gastroenteritis.

Retroviridae

• Includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), known for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• HIV requires antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control and manage.