Lecture 16 – Covalent bonds

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

  • Ionic bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Metallic bond

Which element is commonly needed for biological molecules and has four valence electrons?

  • Carbon (correct)
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen

What is the primary enzyme responsible for protein digestion in the stomach?

  • Amylase
  • Pepsin (correct)
  • Trypsin
  • Chymotrypsin

Which statement about covalent bonds is true?

<p>They are strong and directional. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of isomer has the same molecular formula but different arrangements of bonds?

<p>Structural isomer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond does NOT allow for free rotation?

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule with the same molecular formula?

<p>Isomerism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of carbohydrates, what does the term "anomeric carbon" refer to?

<p>A chiral carbon in the ring form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes stereoisomers?

<p>Same molecular formula and arrangement but different spatial orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of isomerism is observed in maleic acid and fumaric acid?

<p>Geometric isomerism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is located at the end of a carbon chain in an aldehyde?

<p>Carbonyl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a chiral carbon gives rise to optical isomers?

<p>The carbon is bonded to four different groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions is primarily responsible for the stability of protein structures?

<p>Noncovalent interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction occurs when water molecules surround and separate ions?

<p>Ionic interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bond angles in covalent bonds?

<p>They affect the molecular shape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of isomers has the same functional groups but different positions of those groups?

<p>Positional isomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of isomerism cannot interconvert due to restricted rotation?

<p>Geometric isomerism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which projection represents bonds that point behind the plane of the paper?

<p>Fischer projection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cis/trans isomers is true?

<p>They differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates?

<p>To link monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of noncovalent interaction is the weakest?

<p>Dispersion forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is present in both aldehydes and ketones?

<p>Carbonyl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of bond rotation in molecular structures?

<p>Different conformations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules can exhibit optical isomerism?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the stability of cis and trans isomers?

<p>The spatial arrangement of atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of covalent bonds, what does "directionality" refer to?

<p>The specific angles at which bonds form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of structural isomers?

<p>They differ in the arrangement of atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential energy barrier in bond formation?

<p>Activation energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between functional groups and isomerism?

<p>The position of functional groups can create positional isomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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