Two-Spirit Concepts and Definitions

Two-Spirit Overview

• Two-Spirit is an umbrella term that integrates indigenous and Western perspectives on gender and sexuality.
• It falls under the LGBTQ+ spectrum, signifying inclusion of Two-Spirit individuals within the broader community.

Terminology and Origins

• The term "Two-Spirit" was established in 1990 during a gathering in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as a response to the "Problem of Naming."
• "Winkte" refers to "to be as a woman."
• "Nadleehi" signifies "those who transform" and encompasses various gender identities fluidly.

Gender Identity

• Nadleehi can represent multiple gender combinations:
  • Masculine-Feminine
  • Masculine-Masculine
  • Feminine-Masculine
  • Feminine-Feminine

Cultural Significance

• Not all indigenous nations acknowledge the Two-Spirit concept, indicating variability in cultural acceptance.
• Historically, Two-Spirits have been viewed as sacred or divine figures within their communities and held esteemed roles.

Roles and Community Presence

• Two-spirited individuals can serve unique positions such as matchmakers, medicine people, and warriors.
• They possess the ability to occupy roles traditionally held by both men and women simultaneously.

Historical Context and Challenges

• The term "Berdache," formerly used to describe Two-Spirited people, is deemed outdated and carries negative connotations.
• Acceptance of Two-Spirits has not been universal, with many facing resistance.
• Colonization and the imposition of Christian values led to the repression and punishment of Two-Spirit individuals in many communities.

Recent Developments

• A significant change occurred in 2016 when tribal law was amended to allow marriage between partners irrespective of gender.
• The first Two-Spirit powwow took place in 2011, marking a cultural milestone for visibility and celebration of Two-Spirit identities.