Tuskegee Experiment and Its Impact

An unnamed political system that has shaped the modern world, often overlooked due to racial privilege; a form of domination.

An exploitation contract that creates global European dominance and national white racial privilege, often resulting in material advantage.

Race is a concept created by society, not based on biological differences, and its meaning changes over time based on historical and political contexts.

Using race as a tool to unjustly distribute resources, and using social structures and institutions to reinforce these inequalities.

A term meaning 'master race', referring to a specific group that perceives themselves as superior.

Race is understood by differences, conflicts, and inequality between social groups.

Socially created concept; not based on biology; meaning changes over time.

A set of ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects, created in response to the Tuskegee Experiment.

Unequal treatment and distribution of resources and opportunities based on race.

A 40-year study (1932-1972) where Black men with syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the disease's progression, even after penicillin became the standard treatment.

Committees responsible for reviewing and approving research proposals involving human subjects to ensure ethical conduct.

Abusive and discriminatory behaviors directed towards athletes based on their race, such as the chants against Vinicius Jr., a Brazilian Real Madrid player.

This unethical experiment led to significant changes in research ethics, including the establishment of the Belmont Report and IRBs, to protect human subjects.

Science uses systematic methods, logical arguments, and theoretical thinking to understand a specific subject. It involves gathering real-world evidence and testing hypotheses to establish general laws.

Evidence from the real world, gathered through observation, presented as facts.

Science proposes theories and tests hypotheses to try and discover general laws or patterns.

Hypotheses are tested and may be refuted or amended, leading to stronger scientific laws.

Scientific laws apply universally and can be used to make accurate predictions.

Sciences categorize their subject matter for clear understanding. For example, botany studies plants and chemistry studies the composition of matter.

Each science has a dedicated subject area and operates within a specific framework or 'paradigm' - a set of theories, concepts, and methods of inquiry.

Scientists strive to study things as they are, without letting their personal beliefs or values influence their findings.

A group of African Americans who have achieved economic and social advancement, often through education and professional careers.

Franklin Frazier argued that the black middle class often rejected its cultural history, leading to a form of self-loathing racial identity.

William J. Wilson argued economic class differences are more important than race in understanding the life chances of African Americans.

A segment of the African American population facing persistent poverty, unemployment, and social problems.

Joy DeGruy's concept that the historical trauma of slavery has led to multi-generational trauma within the African American community.

A state where individuals feel powerless to change their situation, often due to repeated experiences of oppression. It can be seen as a consequence of PTSS.

Society is a network of interactions, with sociology's task being to study these patterns across cultures and time.

Historical justifications used to strip African Americans of their humanity, such as Thomas Jefferson's claim that blacks need less sleep to justify long work hours.

The mental conflict that arises when beliefs or actions clash with one another, often observed within communities facing oppression.

Like Weber, Simmel believed that sociology should focus on the actions and interactions of individuals within their social context.

Simmel argued that understanding the entirety of social life is impossible, similar to how we cannot study all aspects of matter at once.

Simmel rejected the idea of sociology as a definitive science due to the complexity of human interactions and the absence of a single overarching truth.

The smallest social group, consisting of only two members. If one person leaves, the group ceases to exist.

Simmel connected the micro-level of individual interactions with the macro-level of social structures by examining the influence of group size on interactions, like in a dyad and a triad.

A social group of three members, where dynamics change compared to a dyad, introducing possibilities of alliances and coalitions.

Simmel, like Weber, struggled to reconcile the focus on individual rational action with the impact of larger social forces and structures.

A concept describing the reciprocal relationship between individuals and society, where each influences and is influenced by the other.

A method of understanding social phenomena by examining the interplay of opposing forces, such as the micro and macro levels of society.

Simmel's work on the dyad and triad demonstrates how micro-level interactions (individuals) can create macro-level structures (social groups) and vice versa.

Simmel's view of society contrasts with the organic view of Comte, Spencer, and Durkheim, which sees society as a unified organism.

For Simmel, society is not a static entity but a dynamic process of continuous interactions and influence.