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Questions and Answers

Which sense is NOT considered essential for growth, development, and survival?

  • Hearing
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Telepathy (correct)

    • What is the role of sensory perception in the context of stimuli?

  • It only involves the reception of stimuli.
  • It serves no significant purpose in interactions with the environment.
  • It enables the conscious organization of data into meaningful information. (correct)
  • It is purely a reflexive response to stimuli.

    • Which of the following is NOT an external stimulus?

  • Auditory
  • Kinesthetic (correct)
  • Olfactory
  • Visual

    • What can cause vertigo, making it difficult to diagnose?

    <p>Inner ear problems like vestibular infection or calcium crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT part of the sensory process?

    <p>Memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of blindness in the USA?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by difficulty in differentiating individual sounds in words?

    <p>Auditory processing disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual impairment is most prevalent among American Indians and Native Americans?

    <p>Visual impairment due to refractive error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glaucoma has no identifiable cause?

    <p>Primary glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding in infants can indicate visual impairment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common disease of the eye associated with aging?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from repeated bouts of otitis media in children?

    <p>Hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a risk factor for developing cataracts?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments is least commonly routine for infants?

    <p>Sense of touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention can help manage acute sensory deficits?

    <p>Encouraging the use of sensory aids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of vision loss associated with aging?

    <p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is indicated for hearing disorders?

    <p>Using assistive hearing devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be maintained when caring for patients with impaired balance?

    <p>Uncluttered and well-lit environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a reversible cause of vertigo?

    <p>Muscle pain in the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

    <p>Accumulation of drusen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is associated with increased likelihood of developing glaucoma?

    <p>Thin corneas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of acute angle closure glaucoma?

    <p>Severe eye and facial pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle change is recommended for preventing macular degeneration?

    <p>Avoid smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method used for nonpharmacologic therapy for cataracts?

    <p>Stronger prescription lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to sensorineural hearing loss?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing cataracts?

    <p>Low cholesterol diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In children, which sign may indicate congenital cataracts?

    <p>Failure to react to bright light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of presbycusis?

    <p>Loss of high pitched tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a preventative measure for noise-induced hearing loss?

    <p>Listen to music at moderate volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with congenital hearing loss?

    <p>Infections during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a typical symptom of glaucoma?

    <p>Constant clear vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended preventative strategy for cataracts?

    <p>Regular eye checkups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes juvenile macular degeneration?

    <p>Inherited and not preventable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Common Eye Problems

    • Refractive errors are common eye problems, including:
      • Myopia (nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.
      • Hyperopia (farsightedness): Difficulty seeing near objects clearly.
      • Astigmatism: Altered vision at any distance due to an irregularly shaped cornea.
      • Presbyopia: Impaired vision related to aging, making it difficult to focus on near objects.

    Visual & Hearing Problems in Infants

    • Infants at high risk for visual or hearing problems include:
      • Premature infants.
      • Infants whose mothers were infected prenatally with rubella, toxoplasmosis, or other viruses.
      • Infants with congenital or hereditary disorders.
      • Infants with genetic abnormalities.
      • Infants with absence of other problems or in conjunction with other genetic syndromes.
    • Blindness or visual impairments in children can be caused by:
      • Retinopathy of prematurity: A condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina.
      • Low birth weight.
      • Congenital cataracts: Clouding of the lens of the eye at birth.
    • Prenatal visual and hearing disturbances can be associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

    Auditory Processing Disorder

    • Auditory processing disorder involves difficulty differentiating individual sounds in words.

    Cultural & Genetic Components to Visual Disorders

    • Open-angle glaucoma is more prevalent among African Americans and Hispanics.
    • Visual impairment due to refractive error is most prevalent among American Indians/Native Americans.

    Illnesses & Sensory Issues

    • Atherosclerosis restricts blood flow to receptor organs and the brain, potentially impacting sensory function.
    • Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to blindness.
    • Strokes can cause blindness, hearing loss, and changes in smell/taste.
    • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of blindness in the USA.
    • Maternal diabetes increases the risk of hearing impairments in the fetus.
    • Repeated bouts of otitis media in children can damage eardrums.

    Sensory Reception Concepts

    • Sensory reception is crucial for:
      • Cognition.
      • Development of self-awareness.
      • Safety.
      • Stress and coping.
      • Infection prevention.
      • Communication.

    Hearing & Vision Screening Guidelines

    • Newborns should be screened for hearing routinely and before discharge.
    • Preschoolers/school-age children should have periodic hearing screenings at school or by a healthcare provider.
    • Children ages 3-5 should undergo at least one vision screening.
    • Adults aged 40 and older should have a comprehensive eye exam.
    • Adults with no comorbidities should have eye exams every 5-10 years.

    Nursing Assessment

    • Identify patients at higher risk for sensory impairments:
      • Altered mobility.
      • Multiple comorbidities.
      • Older adults.
      • Individuals involved in contact sports.
      • Smokers.
    • Consider comorbidities (existing medical conditions) associated with sensory issues:
      • Vision impairment: Diabetes, heart problems, breathing problems, HTN, joint problems, strokes.
      • Hearing loss: Diabetes, depression, kidney disease, dementia.

    Physical Assessment

    • Conduct specific sensory tests:
      • Visual acuity: Assessment of sharpness of vision.
      • Hearing acuity: Assessment of hearing ability.
      • Olfactory sense: Assessment of smell.
      • Gustatory sense: Assessment of taste.
      • Tactile sense: Assessment of touch.
    • Assess perception of heat, cold, light touch, pain, and proprioception (awareness of body position).
    • Eye and vision assessment:
      • Cardinal fields of vision: Testing eye movements through pen or finger movement.
      • Ophthalmoscope: Examination of the internal eye structures (performed by a specialist).
    • Ear and hearing assessment:
      • Otoscope: Examination of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.
      • Tuning fork: Used to determine the level of hearing loss.

    Independent Interventions

    • Managing acute sensory deficits:
      • Encourage use of sensory aids.
      • Promote use of other senses.
      • Communicate effectively.
      • Ensure safety.
    • Adapting to limits imposed by sensory loss:
      • Visually impaired patients: Encourage enjoyment of live music, podcasts, audiobooks.
      • Hearing impaired patients: Encourages use of email, text instead of phone calls.
    • Impaired vision:
      • Monitor for depression.
      • Create an uncluttered environment with good lighting.
      • Clear pathways for safe movement.
      • Organize things within reach.
    • Impaired hearing:
      • Provide devices that amplify sounds or respond to sounds with flashing lights.
      • Encourage use of TV and videos with closed captioning.
    • Impaired olfactory sense:
      • Educate on dangers of cleaning with certain chemicals.
      • Ensure gas appliances are in good working order.
      • Inspect food for freshness and expiration dates.
    • Impaired tactile sense:
      • Adjust hot water heater temperature to prevent burns..
      • Change position frequently to prevent pressure ulcers.
    • Impaired balance:
      • Create an uncluttered environment with good lighting.
      • Encourage physical therapy (PT)/occupational therapy (OT) for balance training.

    Collaborative Therapies

    • Vision disorders:
      • Optometrist: Eye care professional who provides routine eye care.
      • Ophthalmologist: Eye doctor who diagnoses and treats eye diseases.
      • Surgery:
        • Cataract, glaucoma, or laser eye surgery.
        • Corneal transplant surgery.
        • Repair of detached retinas.
        • Eye muscle surgery.
        • After direct major injury to the eye.
    • Alterations in smell and taste:
      • Surgery for polyps or deviated septum.
    • Hearing disorders:
      • Audiologist: Hearing care professional who diagnoses and treats hearing disorders.
      • Otolaryngologist: Ear, nose, and throat specialist.
      • Hearing instrument specialist: Provides hearing aids and other assistive devices.
      • Physical or occupational therapist: Help with mobility and daily living skills.
      • American Sign Language (ASL) instruction.
      • Lip reading classes.

    Infants & Sensory Issues

    • Vision problems:
      • Strabismus (crossed eyes).
      • Excessive tearing.
      • Amblyopia (lazy eye).
      • Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
      • Myopia (nearsightedness).
      • Hyperopia (farsightedness).
      • Eye cancer.
    • Hearing tests:
      • Otoacoustic emission test: Measures sounds produced by the inner ear.
      • Auditory brainstem response test: Measures the brain's response to sounds.
    • Sense of touch: Not routinely assessed, but nurses can observe for potential issues.
    • Vertigo is associated with factors like:
      • Gender.
      • Stress.
      • Muscle pain in the neck and shoulder area.
      • Amount of sleep.
      • Migraines.
      • Dizziness.

    Pregnancy & Sensory Changes

    • Tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
    • Vertigo (dizziness).
    • Heightened sense of smell: Often associated with nausea, vomiting, and food cravings. These changes are temporary and usually resolve after delivery.

    Common Eye Diseases

    • Cataracts: Clouding of the lens of the eye.
    • Glaucoma: A condition that damages the optic nerve.
    • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Degeneration of the macula, the central part of the retina.

    Causes of Eye Inflammation

    • Local or systemic allergic reactions.
    • Conjunctivitis (pink eye).
    • Uveitis (inflammation of the middle layer of the eye).
    • Eye injury.
    • Glaucoma.
    • Macular edema (swelling of the macula).
    • Dry eye syndrome.

    Cataracts

    • Opacification (clouding) of the lens of the eye, interfering with light and image perception.
    • Most cataracts are a result of the aging process.
    • Four types of cataracts occur independent of aging:
      • Secondary cataracts: Form after surgery for other eye disorders or as a side effect of medication.
      • Traumatic cataracts: Result from eye injury.
      • Radiation cataracts: Caused by exposure to radiation.
      • Congenital cataracts: Present at birth.
    • Risk Factors: Age, genetics, environmental, and lifestyle factors:
      • Long-term sun exposure.
      • Cigarette smoking.
      • Heavy alcohol consumption.
      • Eye trauma.
      • Diabetes mellitus.
      • Certain medications.
    • Prevention: No known methods to prevent cataracts, but risk reduction strategies include:
      • No smoking.
      • Avoiding heavy alcohol consumption.
      • Protecting eyes from UVB rays.
      • Eating a diet rich in vitamins C and E, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

    Glaucoma

    • Primary glaucoma: No identified cause.
      • Open-angle glaucoma: Chronic, gradual vision loss, the most common form in adults.
      • Angle-closure glaucoma: Rapid, permanent vision loss if untreated.
      • Secondary glaucoma: Develops as a complication of other eye conditions.
    • Risk factors:
      • Age: More common with increasing age.
      • Race: More common among African Americans and Hispanics.
      • Family history: A family history of glaucoma increases risk.
      • Long-term steroid use: Steroids can raise intraocular pressure.
      • Eye trauma: Can lead to secondary glaucoma.
      • Myopia (nearsightedness).
      • High blood pressure (HTN).
      • Thin corneas: More susceptible to pressure changes.
      • Diabetes.
    • Prevention:
      • Regular eye exams to detect early stages.
      • Exercise to lower intraocular pressure.
      • Healthy diet high in vitamins, zinc, fatty acids, and omega-3s.
      • Prevent overexposure to sunlight.
      • Refrain from smoking.

    Macular Degeneration

    • Degeneration of the macula (central part of retina) that affects central vision.
      • Nonexudative (dry) AMD: Gradual accumulation of deposits (drusen), slow vision loss.
      • Exudative (wet) AMD: Growth of blood vessels between the choroid and retina, distorts vision, and can cause acute vision loss.
    • Risk factors:
      • Aging.
      • Race.
      • Eye color: Lighter eye color may increase risk.
      • Family history: A family history of AMD increases risk.
      • Smoking.
      • Obesity.
      • Poor cardiovascular health.
      • Excessive UV exposure.
      • Heavy alcohol consumption.
    • Prevention:
      • No smoking.
      • Reduce UV exposure.

    Sensory Perception Changes with Specific Eye Conditions

    • Cataracts:
      • Decreased visual acuity: Affecting both near and distant vision.
      • Causes glare.
      • Bilateral unless due to trauma (often one eye is affected more than the other).
    • Glaucoma:
      • Open-angle glaucoma: Often asymptomatic in early stages.
        • Blank spots in the visual field may start to appear.
      • Angle-closure glaucoma:
        • Intermittent pain, photophobia (sensitivity to light).
        • Seeing halos around lights.
      • Acute angle-closure glaucoma:
        • Severe eye and face pain.
        • Malaise (general discomfort), nausea, vomiting.
        • Rapid decrease in visual acuity.
    • AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration):
      • Blurred vision.
      • Blind or blurry spots in the central visual field.
      • Colors appear less bright.
      • Difficulty recognizing faces.
      • Patients rely more on peripheral vision.

    Nonpharmacologic Therapy for Eye Conditions

    • Cataracts:
      • Magnifying glass.
      • Stronger prescription lenses.
      • Brighter lighting.
      • Anti-glare sunglasses.
    • Glaucoma:
      • Relaxation techniques.
      • Regular exercise to lower intraocular pressure (not effective for angle-closure glaucoma).
    • AMD:
      • Magnifiers.
      • Large-print books and magazines.
      • High-intensity lighting.
      • E-readers.
      • Audiobooks and podcasts.

    Sensory Issues in Infants & Children

    • Congenital cataracts:
      • Lack of reaction to bright light.
      • Failure to notice toys or faces.
      • Possible developmental delays.
    • Pediatric glaucoma:
      • Difficult to diagnose in early stages.
    • Juvenile macular degeneration:
      • Not treatable or preventable.
      • Inherited.
    • Pregnant women:
      • Glaucoma: Rare in childbearing age, surgery may be considered before pregnancy.
    • Older adults:
      • Dry eye syndrome: Can be worsened by medications, chronic conditions, tremors, and cognitive decline.

    Sensory Issues in Adults

    • Diagnosis:
      • Patient advocacy, psychological and emotional support, and teaching/learning needs are high priorities.
      • Common problems for patients with eye diseases:
        • Anxiety.
        • Fear.
        • Inadequate health management skills.
        • Inadequate health maintenance skills.
        • Risk for injury.

    Hearing Loss

    • Conductive hearing loss: Disruption in the transmission of sound.
      • Causes:
        • Obstruction of the external ear canal (most common): Impacted earwax, foreign objects.
        • Perforated tympanic membrane: Hole in the eardrum.
        • Disruption or fixation of the ossicles: Small bones in the middle ear.
        • Chronic and untreated ear infections.
    • Sensorineural hearing loss: Affects the inner ear or auditory nerve pathway.
      • Causes:
        • Congenital (present at birth) or genetic.
        • Acquired:
          • Noise exposure (major cause).
          • Ototoxic drugs.
          • Prenatal exposure to rubella.
          • Infections, tumors, vascular disorders, degenerative diseases.
          • Aging.
    • Presbycusis: Hair cells in the cochlea (inner ear) degenerate with aging.
      • Begins in early adulthood and progresses throughout life.
      • Higher-pitched tones and conversational speed are often lost first.
    • Congenital hearing loss: Hearing loss present at birth.
      • Causes:
        • Genetic factors (often the cause).
        • Part of a syndrome (e.g., Down syndrome, Usher syndrome).
        • Infections, maternal diabetes, prematurity, low birth weight, maternal drug and alcohol use.

    Hearing Loss Risk Factors

    • Age: Infants, children, and older adults are more at risk.
    • Infants and children:
      • Family history: Genetic component.
      • NICU stay for more than 5 days: Increased risk of complications.
      • Infection while in utero: Viral infections can damage the developing ear.
      • Craniofacial abnormalities: Structural differences can impact hearing.
      • Otitis media: Repeated ear infections.

    Hearing Loss Prevention

    • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL): Prolonged exposure to sounds greater than 85 dB.
      • Use of ear buds or headphones at high volume.
    • Ototoxic medications: Drugs that can damage hearing.
      • Aminoglycosides (antibiotics).
      • Platinum analogs (chemotherapy drugs).
      • Loop diuretics (water pills).
      • Others (chloroquine, quinine, salicylates).

    Sensory Perception

    • Sensory stimuli: Give meaning to events in the environment.

    • Five senses essential for growth, development, and survival:

      • Vision.
      • Hearing.
      • Touch.
      • Smell.
      • Taste.

    • Sensory perception is protective, helping us avoid danger and navigate our surroundings.

    • Sensory reception: The process of receiving stimuli or data.

    • External stimuli:

      • Visual: Sight.
      • Olfactory: Smell.
      • Auditory: Sound.
      • Tactile: Touch.
      • Gustatory: Taste.

    • Internal stimuli:

      • Kinesthetic: Awareness of body position and movement.
      • Balance: Sense of equilibrium essential for movement, position, and coordination.
      • Stereognosis: Ability to perceive and understand objects through touch.
      • Visceral: Stimuli from internal organs (e.g., hunger, fullness).

    • Sensory perception: Involves consciously organizing stimuli into meaningful information.

    • Four primary aspects of sensory perception:

      • Stimulus: Sensory input.
      • Receptor: Specialized cell that detects the stimulus.
      • Impulse conduction: Transmission of the signal along nerve pathways.
      • Perception: Interpretation of the signal by the brain.
        • Level of consciousness affects perception.
      • Brain adaptation: Adapts to stimuli, does not respond to every single one immediately.
        • Some stimuli are stored in memory for later use.

    Non-Specific Sensory Perception Alterations

    • Vertigo: Feeling of rotation or imbalance.
      • Can cause nausea and be difficult to diagnose.
      • Possible causes include stroke, head trauma, vestibular infection, or calcium crystals in the inner ear.

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