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Questions and Answers
What is one benefit of using guinea pigs as a TB model?
What is one benefit of using guinea pigs as a TB model?
Non-human primates are the most cost-effective models for studying TB.
Non-human primates are the most cost-effective models for studying TB.
False
What is a key application of using rabbits as a TB model?
What is a key application of using rabbits as a TB model?
TB transmission research
The method of development used for non-human primates in TB modeling is via __________.
The method of development used for non-human primates in TB modeling is via __________.
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Match the following animals with their unique traits in TB research:
Match the following animals with their unique traits in TB research:
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How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?
How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?
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Latent tuberculosis infection is contagious.
Latent tuberculosis infection is contagious.
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What is the characteristic pathological change associated with tuberculosis?
What is the characteristic pathological change associated with tuberculosis?
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Inactive tuberculosis bacteria can remain dormant in a state known as ______.
Inactive tuberculosis bacteria can remain dormant in a state known as ______.
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Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response to tuberculosis?
Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response to tuberculosis?
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Match the following types of tuberculosis with their characteristics:
Match the following types of tuberculosis with their characteristics:
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Murine models of tuberculosis can mimic the innate and acquired immune responses seen in humans.
Murine models of tuberculosis can mimic the innate and acquired immune responses seen in humans.
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What happens to the granulomas in some individuals with active tuberculosis?
What happens to the granulomas in some individuals with active tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
- Tuberculosis (TB) transmission occurs via inhalation of airborne droplets containing M. tuberculosis reaching the lungs' alveoli.
- Alveolar macrophages ingest the bacteria.
- The immune system activates macrophages, T-cells, and dendritic cells to fight the infection.
- Granulomas form to contain the infection, comprised of infected macrophages, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes.
- Granulomas prevent bacterial spread but can provide a niche for dormant bacteria.
- Latent TB involves the immune system effectively containing the infection, with no symptoms and non-contagious potential reactivation under immunosuppression.
- Active TB disease may result in granuloma breakdown, releasing bacilli into airways and bloodstream.
- Widespread tissue damage, lung cavities, and systemic symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss are common.
- TB can spread to extrapulmonary sites via lymphatic or bloodstream.
- Caseous necrosis is a hallmark of TB.
TB Model Characteristics
- Experimental TB models mimic natural TB infection, with low-dose challenge, exposure routes, and representative lesions in relevant target organs.
Murine, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig Models
- These animal models are frequently used due to their susceptibility to infection, response to innate and acquired immunity, initial control of bacillary growth in the lungs, with eventual succumbing to TB.
Mouse Models
- These models are favored due to ease of maintenance, affordability, high-yield for studying vaccines, anti-TB drugs, immune mechanisms, and host genetics.
- Limitations include resistance development to typical TB drugs, and non-responsiveness to therapy.
- Applications include research on the immunology of mycobacterial infections.
Guinea Pig Models
- Guinea pigs display exceptional susceptibility to infection with a few inhaled mycobacteria making them suitable models for various TB infection forms like childhood TB and TB in immunosuppressed hosts.
Rabbit Models
- Rabbits are used for investigating pulmonary transmission.
- They form cavitation (cavities) readily, making them a suitable model in various TB research, including diagnosis and treatment of cavitary TB, spinal, and joint TB.
Non-Human Primate Models
- Non-human primates mimic various clinical manifestations and pathological characteristics, offering significant advantages.
- Limitations include difficulty obtaining and high costs, limited availability of immune reagents, and high variations, but they provide crucial insights.
- Applications span individualized anti-TB drug and vaccine evaluations and treatment strategies.
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Description
This quiz covers the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, detailing the transmission, immune response, and the formation of granulomas. It also addresses the differences between latent and active TB, along with the potential for extrapulmonary spread. Test your knowledge on the complexities of this infectious disease.
