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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle is unique to the heart?
What type of muscle is unique to the heart?
Cardiac muscle
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements?
Skeletal muscle
What process links electrical signals to muscle contraction?
What process links electrical signals to muscle contraction?
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
What is the electrical impulse that triggers heart muscle contraction called?
What is the electrical impulse that triggers heart muscle contraction called?
What cells initiate heartbeat in the heart?
What cells initiate heartbeat in the heart?
What cells are responsible for heart muscle contraction?
What cells are responsible for heart muscle contraction?
What network controls the heart's electrical impulses?
What network controls the heart's electrical impulses?
What is an electrocardiogram recording heart's electrical activity called?
What is an electrocardiogram recording heart's electrical activity called?
What is the sequence of mechanical events in one heartbeat called?
What is the sequence of mechanical events in one heartbeat called?
What contraction phase of atria in the cardiac cycle?
What contraction phase of atria in the cardiac cycle?
What is the relaxation phase of the atria in cardiac cycle called?
What is the relaxation phase of the atria in cardiac cycle called?
What contraction phase of ventricles in the cardiac cycle?
What contraction phase of ventricles in the cardiac cycle?
What relaxation phase of ventricles in the cardiac cycle?
What relaxation phase of ventricles in the cardiac cycle?
What is the blood flow into ventricles during diastole called?
What is the blood flow into ventricles during diastole called?
What is the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole called?
What is the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole called?
What is the blood ejection from ventricles during systole called?
What is the blood ejection from ventricles during systole called?
What phase where ventricles contract without volume change?
What phase where ventricles contract without volume change?
What phase where ventricles relax without volume change?
What phase where ventricles relax without volume change?
What is the brief rise in aortic pressure after valve closure called?
What is the brief rise in aortic pressure after valve closure called?
What are the sounds produced by closure of heart valves called?
What are the sounds produced by closure of heart valves called?
What is the first heart sound, indicating AV valve closure called?
What is the first heart sound, indicating AV valve closure called?
What is the second heart sound, indicating semilunar valve closure called?
What is the second heart sound, indicating semilunar valve closure called?
What are the sounds produced by turbulent blood flow called?
What are the sounds produced by turbulent blood flow called?
What is the volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute called?
What is the volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute called?
What is the volume of blood pumped per heartbeat called?
What is the volume of blood pumped per heartbeat called?
What is the number of heartbeats per minute called?
What is the number of heartbeats per minute called?
What is the cardiac output formula?
What is the cardiac output formula?
What is normal cardiac output at rest?
What is normal cardiac output at rest?
What is maximal cardiac output in trained athletes?
What is maximal cardiac output in trained athletes?
What is the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output called?
What is the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output called?
What is the volume of blood remaining after ventricular contraction called?
What is the volume of blood remaining after ventricular contraction called?
According to the Frank-Starling Law, what happens to stroke volume with increased ventricular filling?
According to the Frank-Starling Law, what happens to stroke volume with increased ventricular filling?
What is the strength of heart muscle contraction called?
What is the strength of heart muscle contraction called?
What is the pressure needed to eject blood from ventricles called?
What is the pressure needed to eject blood from ventricles called?
What type of stimulation increases heart rate and contractility?
What type of stimulation increases heart rate and contractility?
What type of stimulation decreases heart rate via K+ permeability?
What type of stimulation decreases heart rate via K+ permeability?
What hormone increases heart rate and contractility?
What hormone increases heart rate and contractility?
What hormone that raises heart rate?
What hormone that raises heart rate?
Define Cardiac Failure.
Define Cardiac Failure.
What is the fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure called?
What is the fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure called?
Define pulmonary edema.
Define pulmonary edema.
What is the sequence of electrical and mechanical events during the heart's function called?
What is the sequence of electrical and mechanical events during the heart's function called?
What are the normal heart sounds indicating valve closure called?
What are the normal heart sounds indicating valve closure called?
What is the improper closure or opening of heart valves defined as?
What is the improper closure or opening of heart valves defined as?
What is the pressure within ventricles during contraction called?
What is the pressure within ventricles during contraction called?
What are the valves located between atria and ventricles called?
What are the valves located between atria and ventricles called?
What are the valves located between ventricles and arteries called?
What are the valves located between ventricles and arteries called?
What influences stroke volume and contractility?
What influences stroke volume and contractility?
Explain the role of calcium ions in the cardiac cycle.
Explain the role of calcium ions in the cardiac cycle.
What is the volume of blood returning to the heart called?
What is the volume of blood returning to the heart called?
How does blood pressure affect stroke volume?
How does blood pressure affect stroke volume?
Flashcards
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle found exclusively in the heart, enabling its pumping action.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Process where an electrical signal leads to muscle fiber contraction.
Action Potential
Action Potential
Electrical wave that causes heart muscle to contract.
Pacemaker Cells
Pacemaker Cells
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Contractile Cells
Contractile Cells
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Conduction System
Conduction System
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ECG
ECG
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Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
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Atrial Systole
Atrial Systole
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Atrial Diastole
Atrial Diastole
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Ventricular Systole
Ventricular Systole
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Ventricular Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
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Ventricular Filling
Ventricular Filling
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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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Ventricular Ejection
Ventricular Ejection
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Isovolumetric Contraction
Isovolumetric Contraction
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Isovolumetric Relaxation
Isovolumetric Relaxation
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Dicrotic Notch
Dicrotic Notch
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Heart Sounds
Heart Sounds
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S1 Heart Sound
S1 Heart Sound
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S2 Heart Sound
S2 Heart Sound
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Heart Murmurs
Heart Murmurs
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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Heart Rate (HR)
Heart Rate (HR)
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CO Formula
CO Formula
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End Systolic Volume (ESV)
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
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Contractility
Contractility
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Afterload
Afterload
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Sympathetic Stimulation
Sympathetic Stimulation
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Study Notes
Cardiac Muscle
- Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle type found only in the heart.
Skeletal Muscle
- Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- Linking electrical signals to muscle contraction is known as excitation-contraction coupling.
Action Potential
- Action potential is an electrical impulse that triggers heart muscle contraction.
Pacemaker Cells
- Pacemaker cells initiate the heartbeat.
Contractile Cells
- Contractile cells are responsible for heart muscle contraction.
Conduction System
- The conduction system is the network that controls the heart's electrical impulses.
ECG
- An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity.
Cardiac Cycle
- The cardiac cycle is the sequence of mechanical events in one heartbeat.
Atrial Systole
- Atrial systole is the contraction phase of the atria in the cardiac cycle.
Atrial Diastole
- Atrial diastole is the relaxation phase of the atria in the cardiac cycle.
Ventricular Systole
- Ventricular systole is the contraction phase of the ventricles in the cardiac cycle.
Ventricular Diastole
- Ventricular diastole is the relaxation phase of the ventricles in the cardiac cycle.
Ventricular Filling
- Ventricular filling refers to the blood flow into the ventricles during diastole.
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
- End Diastolic Volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Ventricular Ejection
- Ventricular ejection is the process where blood is ejected from the ventricles during systole.
Isovolumetric Contraction
- Isovolumetric contraction is the phase where the ventricles contract without a change in volume.
Isovolumetric Relaxation
- Isovolumetric relaxation is the phase where the ventricles relax without a change in volume.
Dicrotic Notch
- The dicrotic notch is a brief rise in aortic pressure immediately after valve closure.
Heart Sounds
- Heart sounds are produced by the closure of the heart valves.
S1 Heart Sound
- The first heart sound, S1, indicates the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.
S2 Heart Sound
- The second heart sound, S2, indicates the closure of the semilunar valves.
Heart Murmurs
- Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow.
Cardiac Output (CO)
- Cardiac Output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per minute.
Stroke Volume (SV)
- Stroke Volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped per heartbeat.
Heart Rate (HR)
- Heart Rate (HR) is the number of heartbeats per minute.
CO Formula
- CO = HR × SV.
Normal CO
- Normal CO is approximately 5.25 L/min at rest.
Maximal CO
- Maximal CO can reach up to 35 L/min in trained athletes.
Cardiac Reserve
- Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output.
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
- End Systolic Volume (ESV) is the volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction.
Frank-Starling Law
- According to the Frank-Starling Law, stroke volume increases with increased ventricular filling.
Contractility
- Contractility is the strength of heart muscle contraction.
Afterload
- Afterload is the pressure needed to eject blood from the ventricles.
Sympathetic Stimulation
- Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and contractility.
Parasympathetic Stimulation
- Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate via increased K+ permeability.
Epinephrine
- Epinephrine is a hormone that increases heart rate and contractility.
Thyroxine
- Thyroxine is a hormone that raises heart rate.
Cardiac Failure
- Cardiac failure refers to an inefficient heart pumping, which leads to insufficient circulation.
Pulmonary Congestion
- Pulmonary congestion is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to heart failure.
Pulmonary Edema
- Pulmonary edema is excess fluid in the lungs, which causes breathing difficulties.
Cardiac Cycle Timing
- Cardiac cycle timing involves the sequence of electrical and mechanical events.
Normal Heart Sounds
- Normal heart sounds are lub-dub sounds, which indicate valve closure.
Heart Valve Dysfunction
- Heart valve dysfunction refers to improper closure or opening of the heart valves.
Ventricular Pressure
- Ventricular pressure is the pressure within the ventricles during contraction.
Atrioventricular Valves
- Atrioventricular valves are the valves located between the atria and ventricles.
Semilunar Valves
- Semilunar valves are the valves located between the ventricles and arteries.
Cardiac Muscle Stretch
- Cardiac muscle stretch influences stroke volume and contractility.
Calcium Ion Role
- Calcium ions increase contractility by promoting cross-bridge formation.
Venous Return
- Venous return is the volume of blood returning to the heart.
Hypertensive Individuals
- Hypertensive individuals are people with high blood pressure, which affects stroke volume.
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