TSA's Secure Flight Program

Aviation Security Overview

• The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
• TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
• Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

• TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
• The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

Air-Ground Communication Systems

• The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
• Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
• Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

• TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
• Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
• Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
• The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
• Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

• Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
• DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

• Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
• TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
• The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

Federal Security Staff Roles

• Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
• Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

• TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
• They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

Key Technologies and Systems

• ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
• Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

Challenges and Considerations

• The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
• Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
• TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
• They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
• Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
• Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
• Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

TSO Hierarchy and Programs

• TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
• TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
• Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

• BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
• Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
• BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
• The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

• BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
• They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
• BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

• AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
• Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
• Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

• TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
• Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
• TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

Key Programs and Technologies

• E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
• Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
• SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

Security Operations and Relationships

• BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
• TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
• Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
• TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
• Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
• Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
• Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
• Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
• Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
• TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
• The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
• TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

Federal Air Marshal Program

• Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
• The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
• By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
• Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
• FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
• Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
• Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
• Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
• The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
• The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
• Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
• The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
• Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

Policy and Recommendations

• Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
• The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
• Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
• Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
• A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
• A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

Aviation Security Overview

• The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
• TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
• Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

• TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
• The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

Air-Ground Communication Systems

• The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
• Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
• Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

• TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
• Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
• Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
• The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
• Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

• Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
• DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

• Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
• TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
• The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

Federal Security Staff Roles

• Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
• Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

• TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
• They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

Key Technologies and Systems

• ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
• Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

Challenges and Considerations

• The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
• Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
• TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
• They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
• Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
• Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
• Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

TSO Hierarchy and Programs

• TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
• TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
• Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

• BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
• Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
• BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
• The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

• BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
• They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
• BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

• AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
• Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
• Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

• TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
• Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
• TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

Key Programs and Technologies

• E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
• Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
• SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

Security Operations and Relationships

• BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
• TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
• Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
• TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
• Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
• Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
• Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
• Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
• Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
• TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
• The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
• TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

Federal Air Marshal Program

• Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
• The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
• By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
• Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
• FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
• Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
• Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
• Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
• The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
• The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
• Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
• The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
• Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

Policy and Recommendations

• Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
• The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
• Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
• Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
• A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
• A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

Aviation Security Overview

• The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
• TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
• Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

• TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
• The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

Air-Ground Communication Systems

• The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
• Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
• Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

• TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
• Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
• Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
• The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
• Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

• Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
• DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

• Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
• TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
• The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

Federal Security Staff Roles

• Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
• Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

• TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
• They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

Key Technologies and Systems

• ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
• Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

Challenges and Considerations

• The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
• Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
• TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
• They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
• Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
• Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
• Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

TSO Hierarchy and Programs

• TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
• TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
• Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

• BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
• Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
• BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
• The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

• BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
• They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
• BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

• AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
• Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
• Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

• TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
• Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
• TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

Key Programs and Technologies

• E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
• Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
• SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

Security Operations and Relationships

• BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
• TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
• Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
• TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
• Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
• Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
• Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
• Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
• Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
• TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
• The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
• TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

Federal Air Marshal Program

• Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
• The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
• By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
• Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
• FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
• Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
• Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
• Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
• The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
• The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
• Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
• The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
• Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

Policy and Recommendations

• Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
• The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
• Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
• Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
• A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
• A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

Aviation Security Overview

• The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
• TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
• Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

• TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
• The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

Air-Ground Communication Systems

• The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
• Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
• Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

• TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
• Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
• Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
• The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
• Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

• Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
• DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

• Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
• TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
• The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

Federal Security Staff Roles

• Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
• Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

• TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
• They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

Key Technologies and Systems

• ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
• Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

Challenges and Considerations

• The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
• Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
• TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
• They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
• Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
• Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
• Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

TSO Hierarchy and Programs

• TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
• TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
• Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

• BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
• Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
• BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
• The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

• BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
• They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
• BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

• AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
• Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
• Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

• TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
• Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
• TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

Key Programs and Technologies

• E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
• Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
• SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

Security Operations and Relationships

• BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
• TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
• Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
• TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
• Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
• Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
• Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
• Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
• Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
• TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
• The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
• TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

Federal Air Marshal Program

• Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
• The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
• By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
• Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
• FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
• Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
• Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
• Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
• The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
• The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
• Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
• The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
• Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

Policy and Recommendations

• Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
• The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
• Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
• Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
• A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
• A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

Learn about the history and development of the Transportation Security Administration's Secure Flight program, from CAPPS to CAPPS II. Understand how it affects air travel and passenger profiling.