TSA's Secure Flight Program
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of FAMs on a flight?

  • To prevent attacks on the flight deck and deter terrorism. (correct)
  • To ensure the safety and security of luggage and cargo.
  • To apprehend criminals and terrorists.
  • To provide first aid and assist passengers in emergencies.
  • How does the Playbook program contribute to aviation security?

  • It establishes a standardized protocol for passenger screening at airports.
  • It allows for the use of lethal force by security personnel in specific situations.
  • It provides a comprehensive guide for handling emergencies on board aircraft.
  • It involves random security measures to disrupt terrorist plots. (correct)
  • What is the rationale behind the argument for allowing police officers to carry firearms on commercial flights?

  • It would deter potential criminals and terrorists from targeting commercial flights.
  • It would reduce the need for a dedicated air marshal program.
  • It would allow police officers to perform their duties more effectively while traveling.
  • It would provide an immediate and readily available security force in case of an emergency. (correct)
  • How do FAMs contribute to maintaining a high operational tempo?

    <p>By participating in training exercises and drills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence is used to support the effectiveness of the FAM program, despite the low number of arrests?

    <p>The program has been shown to deter terrorist attacks, even if they are not always successful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the 2010 Presidential order regarding air marshals impact aviation security?

    <p>It led to the deployment of a large number of FAMs on domestic high-risk flights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program?

    <p>To provide additional security and law enforcement presence on the flight deck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 2003 attempt to use Customs personnel as air marshals?

    <p>The program showed promising results and is being expanded to other federal agencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a force multiplier in the context of aviation security?

    <p>A technology or strategy that amplifies the effectiveness of security measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the FAM program and the FFDO program?

    <p>FAMs are trained to use firearms, while FFDOs are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of FAMs carrying PDAs?

    <p>To communicate with the Transportation Security Operations Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the TSA program that involves the use of random anti-terrorism measures?

    <p>Playbook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the training FAMs receive?

    <p>They train using actual aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of the Air Marshal program?

    <p>It has low arrest numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Israeli approach to measuring the success of the FAM program?

    <p>By the number of aircraft not successfully hijacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the policy regarding police carrying firearms on commercial flights?

    <p>They are required to stow them in checked baggage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was recommended by a Congressional budget committee in 2014?

    <p>To leverage federal law enforcement agents to serve as air marshals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TSOC personnel in FAM deployments?

    <p>They are aware of the presence of other armed law enforcement officers and FFDOs on each flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was attempted in 2003 to increase air marshal capacity?

    <p>Using Customs personnel as air marshals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the 2010 Presidential order regarding air marshals?

    <p>An increase in air marshal deployment on domestic high-risk flights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of the FAM program based on its operations?

    <p>To deter terrorist attacks by their presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have some called for the elimination of the Air Marshal program?

    <p>Because of low arrest numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the FAM training utilize actual aircraft?

    <p>To familiarize agents with aircraft controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of allowing federal law enforcement officers to carry firearms on commercial flights?

    <p>Enhanced overall flight security at no additional cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are FAM deployments managed during flights?

    <p>Via the Transportation Security Operations Center coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the program's operational environment for FAMs?

    <p>Increased public scrutiny due to visible presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the intent of the 'surge' ordered by the President in 2010?

    <p>To offset the presence of suicide bombers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reaction to the 2012 Congressional criticism of the FAM program?

    <p>Defense of the program as necessary for security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operational strategy of conducting 'strikes' or 'plays'?

    <p>To disrupt and confuse potential terrorist operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been cited as a potential advantage of the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program?

    <p>Providing an additional layer of defense for air marshals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of FAMs on a flight deck?

    <p>To defend against hijacking and deter terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do FAMs continuously report on suspicious behavior?

    <p>Using PDAs to communicate with the Transportation Security Operations Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'strikes' or 'plays' conducted by teams of FAMs, TSIs, TSOs, and K-9 handlers?

    <p>To disrupt terrorist or criminal plots or acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are FAMs trained to attempt to de-escalate a situation without using deadly force?

    <p>To minimize the risk of harm to passengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed force multiplier in aviation security?

    <p>Allowing law enforcement officers to carry firearms on commercial flights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 2014 Congressional budget committee recommendation regarding FAMs?

    <p>The committee recommended reducing the FAM budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the Israeli approach to measuring the success of the FAM program?

    <p>The number of aircraft not successfully hijacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the training FAMs receive on aircraft?

    <p>It is conducted by airline personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the 2010 Presidential order regarding air marshals?

    <p>To increase the number of FAMs on high-risk flights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TSOC personnel in FAM deployments?

    <p>To be aware of the presence of other armed law enforcement officers and FFDO’s on each flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aviation Security Overview

    • The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
    • TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
    • Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

    Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

    • TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
    • The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

    Air-Ground Communication Systems

    • The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
    • Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
    • Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

    Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

    • TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
    • Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
    • Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

    International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

    • Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
    • The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
    • Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

    Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    • Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
    • DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

    Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

    • Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
    • TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
    • The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

    Federal Security Staff Roles

    • Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
    • Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

    Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

    • TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
    • They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

    Key Technologies and Systems

    • ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
    • Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
    • Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
    • TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
    • They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
    • Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
    • Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
    • Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

    TSO Hierarchy and Programs

    • TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
    • TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
    • Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

    Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

    • BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
    • Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
    • BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
    • The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

    Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

    • BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
    • They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
    • BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

    Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

    • AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
    • Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
    • Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

    Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

    • TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
    • Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
    • TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

    Key Programs and Technologies

    • E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
    • Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
    • SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

    Security Operations and Relationships

    • BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
    • TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
    • Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
    • TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
    • Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
    • Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
    • Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
    • Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
    • Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
    • TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
    • The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
    • TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

    Federal Air Marshal Program

    • Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
    • The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
    • By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
    • Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
    • FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
    • Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
    • Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
    • Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
    • The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
    • The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
    • Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
    • The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
    • Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

    Policy and Recommendations

    • Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
    • The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
    • Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
    • Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
    • A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
    • A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

    Aviation Security Overview

    • The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
    • TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
    • Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

    Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

    • TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
    • The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

    Air-Ground Communication Systems

    • The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
    • Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
    • Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

    Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

    • TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
    • Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
    • Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

    International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

    • Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
    • The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
    • Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

    Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    • Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
    • DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

    Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

    • Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
    • TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
    • The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

    Federal Security Staff Roles

    • Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
    • Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

    Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

    • TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
    • They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

    Key Technologies and Systems

    • ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
    • Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
    • Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
    • TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
    • They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
    • Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
    • Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
    • Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

    TSO Hierarchy and Programs

    • TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
    • TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
    • Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

    Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

    • BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
    • Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
    • BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
    • The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

    Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

    • BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
    • They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
    • BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

    Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

    • AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
    • Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
    • Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

    Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

    • TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
    • Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
    • TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

    Key Programs and Technologies

    • E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
    • Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
    • SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

    Security Operations and Relationships

    • BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
    • TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
    • Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
    • TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
    • Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
    • Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
    • Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
    • Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
    • Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
    • TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
    • The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
    • TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

    Federal Air Marshal Program

    • Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
    • The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
    • By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
    • Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
    • FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
    • Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
    • Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
    • Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
    • The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
    • The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
    • Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
    • The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
    • Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

    Policy and Recommendations

    • Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
    • The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
    • Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
    • Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
    • A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
    • A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

    Aviation Security Overview

    • The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
    • TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
    • Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

    Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

    • TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
    • The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

    Air-Ground Communication Systems

    • The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
    • Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
    • Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

    Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

    • TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
    • Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
    • Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

    International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

    • Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
    • The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
    • Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

    Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    • Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
    • DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

    Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

    • Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
    • TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
    • The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

    Federal Security Staff Roles

    • Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
    • Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

    Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

    • TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
    • They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

    Key Technologies and Systems

    • ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
    • Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
    • Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
    • TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
    • They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
    • Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
    • Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
    • Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

    TSO Hierarchy and Programs

    • TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
    • TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
    • Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

    Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

    • BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
    • Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
    • BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
    • The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

    Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

    • BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
    • They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
    • BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

    Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

    • AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
    • Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
    • Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

    Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

    • TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
    • Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
    • TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

    Key Programs and Technologies

    • E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
    • Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
    • SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

    Security Operations and Relationships

    • BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
    • TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
    • Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
    • TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
    • Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
    • Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
    • Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
    • Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
    • Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
    • TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
    • The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
    • TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

    Federal Air Marshal Program

    • Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
    • The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
    • By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
    • Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
    • FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
    • Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
    • Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
    • Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
    • The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
    • The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
    • Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
    • The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
    • Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

    Policy and Recommendations

    • Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
    • The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
    • Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
    • Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
    • A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
    • A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

    Aviation Security Overview

    • The Gore Commission in 1996 introduced the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), marking the inception of passenger profiling systems.
    • TSA's Secure Flight system took over from CAPPS II, focusing on checking passenger names against government terrorist watch lists.
    • Secure Flight improves security by requiring airlines to submit passenger information to TSA for comparison with Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) databases.

    Secure Flight and TSA Responsibilities

    • TSA's role includes preventing individuals on the No Fly list from boarding aircraft and identifying those on the Selectee List for additional screening.
    • The Transportation Security Intelligence Service maintains records on individuals involved in terrorism and compromised information.

    Air-Ground Communication Systems

    • The establishment of a consolidated 911 air-ground capability for emergency communications was not pursued by TSA, relying instead on flight crews and automated systems like ACARS.
    • Commercial pilots have alternative means to notify air traffic control, such as VHF radio communications and aircraft transponders.
    • Proposed systems, like a "home run" system for hijacked aircraft to fly safely, pose serious security concerns regarding unauthorized access.

    Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)

    • TWIC aims to provide a universal identification card for transportation workers but faces implementation challenges in aviation.
    • Identification cards in Security Identification Display Areas need approval from the Airport Security Coordinator, which complicates the process.
    • Massive upgrades to airport access control systems are required to fully utilize TWIC cards across different airports.

    International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

    • Established in 1944, ICAO ensures international cooperation in civil aviation regulations and security measures.
    • The organization consists of 188 member states and adopts Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for aviation safety and security.
    • Post-9/11, ICAO developed an Aviation Security Plan of Action to strengthen global security standards with an emphasis on systematic audits.

    Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

    • Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, DHS consolidates several governmental agencies, including TSA and U.S. Customs.
    • DHS's main goals are to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities, and assist in recovery efforts after incidents.

    Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

    • Formed in response to the 2001 Aviation and Transportation Security Act, TSA employs 67,000 personnel to oversee security across various transport sectors.
    • TSA uses a risk-based strategy, collaborates with law enforcement and intelligence bodies, and sets standards for transportation security.
    • The Federal Security Director (FSD) takes primary responsibility for airport security operations and management of TSA activities at the local level.

    Federal Security Staff Roles

    • Federal Security Directors organize crisis management, oversee security screenings, assess risks, and ensure adherence to federal regulations.
    • Assistant Federal Security Directors and supervisory Transportation Security Inspectors handle specific security duties at individual airports.

    Transportation Security Officer (TSO)

    • TSOs implement TSA's screening procedures, focusing on preventing dangerous objects from being transported on aircraft.
    • They monitor passenger flow, screen baggage and cargo, and participate in security briefings to enhance airport security measures.

    Key Technologies and Systems

    • ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) serves as a data link for communications between aircraft and ground operations, including weather updates.
    • Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) conducts research on explosives detection and develops validation solutions to enhance security measures in airports.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • The adaptation of new security technologies and systems must balance technological feasibility with security risks.
    • Ongoing audits and assessments are crucial for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with recommended security standards in aviation.### Transportation Security Officer (TSO) Roles
    • TSOs resolve alarms using physical pat-downs, hand wands, or explosive trace detection systems.
    • They operate x-ray technologies to check personal belongings for threat items.
    • Conduct Travel Document Checks (TDC) to find fraudulent documents and verify passenger identities against boarding passes.
    • Although TSOs are involved with cargo screening, it is primarily the responsibility of the Aircraft Operator.
    • Implementation of E-CAT technology at airports helps verify identification against security features, aiding in finding counterfeit documents.

    TSO Hierarchy and Programs

    • TSO rankings indicated by shoulder boards: one stripe for TSO, two for LTSO (Lead TSO), three for STSO (Supervisory TSO).
    • TSOs are part of the Playbook and Aviation Direct Access Screening Program (ADASP), focusing on screening airport employees entering secure areas.
    • Coordination with law enforcement is crucial during ADASP checks when identifying uncooperative employees or finding potential threats.

    Behavior Detection Officer (BDO) Overview

    • BDOs engage in behavioral assessments through voluntary encounters to determine necessary additional screening.
    • Develop baseline data around flight behaviors, assessing multiple travelers simultaneously for unusual behavior.
    • BDOs can participate in joint law enforcement efforts, including Visible Intermodal Prevention Response (VIPR) and National Special Security Events (NSSE).
    • The SPOT program (Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques) is utilized to identify suspicious behaviors but has faced controversy regarding its effectiveness.

    Bomb Appraisal Officer (BAO) Responsibilities

    • BAOs respond to checkpoint alarms related to explosives or suspicious items but are not authorized to perform explosive ordnance disposal.
    • They assess potential threats and provide training to TSOs on recognizing explosive devices.
    • BAOs enhance security by working closely with law enforcement and providing on-site assistance for suspicious incidents.

    Assistant Federal Security Director (AFSD) Functions

    • AFSD-Law Enforcement acts as the law enforcement expert at the airport, managing threat assessments and liaising with various law enforcement agencies.
    • Coordinates security incidents with the Transportation Security Operations Center (TSOC) and manages the armed pilot program (FFDO).
    • Performs annual assessments for potential missile threats (MANPADS) targeting aircraft.

    Transportation Security Inspector (TSI) Duties

    • TSIs evaluate airport security posture and compliance with regulations, identifying weaknesses and deviations from standards.
    • Responsible for conducting inspections, assessments, and investigations of airports and air carriers.
    • TSIs can enact enforcement actions for security breaches, including fines and administrative penalties.

    Key Programs and Technologies

    • E-CAT: Credentialing technology checks for authenticity among passenger IDs, enhancing fraud detection.
    • Playbook: A proactive anti-terrorism program involving random passenger screenings.
    • SPOT: A behavior detection framework raising issues of effectiveness and the basis for identifying suspicious activities.

    Security Operations and Relationships

    • BAOs build relationships with law enforcement to improve overall transportation security.
    • TSIs facilitate compliance assessments and inspections while maintaining a close working relationship with the AFSD-Regulatory and other TSA personnel.
    • Regular collaboration among TSA personnel, local law enforcement, and airport operators is essential for maintaining security and addressing potential threats effectively.### TSA Explosives Detection Canine Teams
    • TSA National Explosives Detection Canine Program (NEDCP) aims to deter and detect explosives in transportation systems.
    • Over 800 canine teams are deployed nationwide, supporting various security operations.
    • Explosives detection dogs are effective in detecting explosives, enhancing counter-sabotage measures.
    • Canine teams provide rapid response capabilities at airports, rail stations, and seaports.
    • Dog/handler teams receive two months of training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
    • Certified teams undergo weekly proficiency training amidst operational distractions.
    • TSA has tested passenger-screening canine teams in public airport areas since the program’s inception.
    • The canine program transitioned to involve TSA's civilian handlers in 2006, previously partnering with local law enforcement.
    • TSA handlers do not have law enforcement authority and must call local police to address security alarms.

    Federal Air Marshal Program

    • Established by President Kennedy in 1961, initially under the US Marshal Service.
    • The program expanded after the TWA Flight 847 hijacking in 1985, later falling under the FAA.
    • By 9/11, only 33 air marshals were active on flights; the program was revitalized post-2001.
    • Federal Air Marshals (FAMs) are crucial for deterring and responding to threats against U.S. air travel.
    • FAMs operate independently and hold exceptional handgun proficiency standards.
    • Training includes recognizing terrorist behavior, emergency response, and aircraft safety protocols.
    • Regular deployment occurs on high-profile flights to cities like Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.
    • Communication of threat intelligence is maintained via PDAs linking FAMs to the Transportation Security Operations Center.
    • The FAM mission focuses on detecting, deterring, and defeating hostile acts targeting civil aviation.
    • The Playbook program involves FAMs conducting random anti-terrorism measures to disrupt potential terrorist plots.
    • Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of the air marshal program; some advocate for its reduction citing low arrest numbers.
    • The program’s success is measured by incidents deterred rather than arrests, aligning with strategies employed by other nations, such as Israel.
    • Recommendations have been made to allow armed federal law enforcement officers traveling on commercial airlines to enhance security.

    Policy and Recommendations

    • Congressional discussions in 2014 suggested leveraging traveling federal law enforcement officers as an additional layer of security.
    • The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program is maintained as a supplementary resource to the FAM program.
    • Coordination of FAM deployments is conducted through the Transportation Security Operations Center to ensure coverage awareness.
    • Attempts to utilize Customs personnel as air marshals showed benefits in passenger protection.
    • A "surge" of federal air marshals was implemented in 2010 in response to perceived terrorist threats.
    • A significant number of armed law enforcement officers travel monthly; a majority are federal agents.

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    Learn about the history and development of the Transportation Security Administration's Secure Flight program, from CAPPS to CAPPS II. Understand how it affects air travel and passenger profiling.

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