Diverse Groups, Transition, Crops (AKS 32 c, d, e)

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Questions and Answers

What significant change occurred when Dr. Samuel Nunes arrived among the Jewish immigrants?

The specific rule prohibiting Jews from settling was revoked. (correct)

The number of colonists increased significantly.

All immigrants were automatically accepted without restriction.

The establishment of a silk industry was initiated.

Which group was predominantly responsible for the silk industry in Georgia during the Trustee Period?

The Salzburgers (correct)

The native population

The Highland Scots

The Jewish immigrants

What major health issue did colonists in Georgia face during the Trustee Period?

Famine due to poor crop yields.

Inadequate housing conditions.

Dysentery and scurvy. (correct)

Lack of access to fresh water.

Where did the Salzburgers first settle before moving to New Ebenezer?

25 miles north of Savannah Signup and view all the answers

How many years were the trustees given control over Georgia according to the Charter of 1732?

20 years Signup and view all the answers

What challenge was most significant for the early colonists in Georgia?

Diseases like yellow fever Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation for the Salzburgers to migrate to Georgia?

Desire for religious freedom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Charter of 1732 is true?

It was intended to create a utopian society. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main industries established by the Highland Scots in Georgia?

Timber and cattle Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in 1752 regarding the governance of Georgia?

The Trustees surrendered control to the King. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was known for establishing the first orphanage in Georgia?

Salzburgers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cash crops was not mentioned as being cultivated in Georgia during the Royal Colony period?

Cotton Signup and view all the answers

What key reason did malcontents have for their dissatisfaction with the colony's policies?

They sought land ownership and the use of enslaved labor. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main economic activities promoted by the removal of land restrictions in Georgia?

Establishing large plantations. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Patriot governor of Georgia and a member of the Salzburger community?

John Treutlen Signup and view all the answers

What significant church did the Salzburgers establish that is still active today?

Jerusalem Lutheran Church Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of Georgia becoming a Royal Colony?

Restrictions on land ownership were lifted. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was responsible for the initial governance of Georgia before it became a Royal Colony?

Trustees Signup and view all the answers

Which group of settlers was enlisted by Oglethorpe to help defend the colony against Spanish threats?

Highland Scots Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the failure of the Trustees' plans for Georgia?

Insufficient agricultural development Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary labor source for Georgia's economy after its transition to a Royal Colony?

Enslaved Africans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a major change in land ownership regulations when Georgia became a Royal Colony?

Unlimited land ownership was permitted. Signup and view all the answers

During which conflict did the Highland Scots play a crucial role in defending Georgia?

Battle of Bloody Marsh Signup and view all the answers

What significant governmental structure was established in Georgia during the Royal Colony period?

A legislature known as the General Assembly. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the royal governor play in the Georgia colony?

Acted as the king's voice and performed administrative duties Signup and view all the answers

Which royal governor left office due to poor health?

Henry Ellis Signup and view all the answers

What was a key achievement of James Wright during his governorship?

Negotiating treaties with the Creeks Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first royal governor of Georgia?

John Reynolds Signup and view all the answers

What restriction was placed on voting in colonial Georgia?

Only white male citizens with property were allowed to vote Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary crop produced with slave labor in Georgia after its legalization?

Indigo Signup and view all the answers

What was Georgia’s first opportunity at self-government?

Establishing a bicameral legislature Signup and view all the answers

Which crop proved to be largely unprofitable in Georgia despite initial motivation to produce it?

Silk Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trustee Period

The Charter of 1732 established a 20-year period of governance by 21 trustees.
The Trustees aimed to create a utopian society with strict rules, emphasizing equality and avoiding slavery.
The colony attracted diverse immigrants, including Highland Scots, Salzburgers, and Jews.
The early years were marked by significant challenges, including disease, such as scurvy, dysentery, and yellow fever.

Jewish Immigrants

A group of Portuguese Jews arrived in Savannah in 1733, seeking permission to settle.
The Charter of 1732 initially prohibited Jewish settlement.
Dr. Samuel Nunes, a Jewish immigrant, was crucial in providing medical aid during a period of high mortality.
Oglethorpe allowed the Jews to settle, marking the first relaxation of the Trustee’s rules.
Congregation Mickve Israel was established, becoming the oldest synagogue in the South.

Salzburger Immigrants

The largest ethnic group during the Trustee period was German Protestants (Lutherans) from Salzburg, Austria.
The Salzburgers sought religious freedom and aimed to establish a silk industry.
They initially settled in Ebenezer, but later moved to New Ebenezer due to poor soil and water conditions.
The Salzburgers were skilled in silk production, lumber production, cattle raising, and agriculture.
They established the first orphanage and Sunday School in Georgia and founded the oldest operating Lutheran congregation in the United States, Jerusalem Lutheran Church.

Highland Scots

Oglethorpe recruited Scottish soldiers (Highland Scots) for military defense against the Spanish.
The Highland Scots established the town of Darien in 1736.
Their initial agricultural efforts were unsuccessful, leading them to develop successful timber and cattle industries.
They established the first Presbyterian Church in Georgia.
They played a critical role in defending Georgia against Spanish invasions.

Malcontents

Discontent emerged among colonists who resented the restrictive policies of the Trustees.
They compared Georgia unfavorably to South Carolina, which allowed land ownership, slavery, and alcohol.
The malcontents argued for the lifting of restrictions on land ownership and the legalization of slavery, believing these measures were essential for economic prosperity.
Oglethorpe faced growing pressure from the malcontents amid the threat of a Spanish invasion.

End of the Trustee Period

The Trustee’s economic and social plans for Georgia were ultimately unsuccessful.
Georgia successfully defended South Carolina from the Spanish but failed to achieve the Trustees' vision of a model society.
By 1750, land ownership was allowed, slavery was legalized, and alcohol was permitted.

Royal Colony

In 1752, the Trustees surrendered control of Georgia to the King, making it a royal colony.
The transition to a royal colony marked a significant shift in governance and economic policies.
Restrictions on land ownership and slavery were lifted.

Economic Growth and Cash Crops

Colonists built plantations along river deltas and used slave labor to cultivate rice.
The tobacco industry flourished and became a valuable cash crop.
Other important cash crops included rye, wheat, peas, corn, and indigo.
The colonists also raised livestock and engaged in timber production, exporting these goods to Europe and the West Indies.

Slavery in Georgia

Georgia's economy became heavily dependent on slave labor.
The enslaved African population increased dramatically from less than 500 in 1750 to 18,000 in 1775.

Royal Government

The royal government established new government officials, including an attorney general, military leader, legal courts, and a royal governor.
A bicameral legislature (General Assembly) was formed, with elected representatives from each county.

Royal Governors

John Reynolds: The first royal governor of Georgia (1754-1756), who initiated the General Assembly and organized a militia.
Henry Ellis: Served as governor from 1757 to 1760, fostering cooperation between the legislature, the American Indians, and the colonists.
James Wright: The final royal governor of Georgia (1760-1776), who negotiated important treaties with the Creek Indians and oversaw a period of significant prosperity. Wright remained loyal to England during the Revolutionary War.

Legislature

The legislature, composed of an upper house (appointed by the king) and a lower house (elected by Georgians), allowed for limited forms of self-government.
Voting rights were restricted to white male citizens who owned at least 50 acres of land.
Only those owning more than 500 acres were eligible for election to the legislature.
The king (or governor) retained the power to veto any law passed by the legislature.

Key Economic Activities

Rice cultivation with slave labor
Tobacco production
Indigo production
Silk production (limited success)
Wine production
Livestock raising
Timber industry
Trade with American Indians for animal hides

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Description

Explore the Trustee Period of Colonial Georgia, established by the Charter of 1732, which introduced governance by 21 trustees. Learn about the diverse immigrants who settled in Georgia, including Highland Scots, Salzburgers, and Jews, as well as the challenges they faced. Delve into the pivotal role of Jewish immigrants like Dr. Samuel Nunes in the colony's survival.