Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the term 'combined mortality and morbidity of a disease' refer to?
What does the term 'combined mortality and morbidity of a disease' refer to?
- The overall health impact of a disease on a population (correct)
- The rate of new cases of a disease
- The frequency of treatment success
- The associated costs of medical interventions
What principle is suggested regarding intervention costs in treating diseases?
What principle is suggested regarding intervention costs in treating diseases?
- We should not accept any intervention costing more than the standard with less benefits (correct)
- Costs must always be minimized regardless of benefits
- Cost should be irrelevant if the drug is novel
- Higher costs are acceptable if they provide higher benefits
Which of the following is not a consideration when evaluating treatment interventions?
Which of the following is not a consideration when evaluating treatment interventions?
- The overall survival rates associated with the treatment
- Cost compared to standard interventions
- Benefits provided by the intervention
- Personal preference of the healthcare provider (correct)
Which statement best reflects effective healthcare decision-making?
Which statement best reflects effective healthcare decision-making?
What should be refused when determining the efficacy of a medical intervention?
What should be refused when determining the efficacy of a medical intervention?
What does the term 'truncated trials' refer to?
What does the term 'truncated trials' refer to?
Why is it important to check if a patient has participated in another study?
Why is it important to check if a patient has participated in another study?
What is a potential reason for stopping a trial early?
What is a potential reason for stopping a trial early?
Which of the following is a consideration in truncated trials?
Which of the following is a consideration in truncated trials?
What caution should be taken with truncated trials?
What caution should be taken with truncated trials?
What does RRR indicate when stated as 40%?
What does RRR indicate when stated as 40%?
If ARR is described as 12%, what does it imply?
If ARR is described as 12%, what does it imply?
How is an NNT (Number Needed to Treat) defined?
How is an NNT (Number Needed to Treat) defined?
When calculating outcomes in a 2x2 contingency table, how is intervention A associated with outcome yes?
When calculating outcomes in a 2x2 contingency table, how is intervention A associated with outcome yes?
Which of the following best describes what 'augmenting the result' means?
Which of the following best describes what 'augmenting the result' means?
What is the primary difference between independent and dependent variables?
What is the primary difference between independent and dependent variables?
What does the term 'power of a study' typically refer to?
What does the term 'power of a study' typically refer to?
Which of the following statements about missing data management is accurate?
Which of the following statements about missing data management is accurate?
What is a pilot study primarily used for?
What is a pilot study primarily used for?
Which statement best describes how independent variables should be treated in a study?
Which statement best describes how independent variables should be treated in a study?
What does ICER represent in health economics?
What does ICER represent in health economics?
Which analysis would be conducted when faced with options of more cost and more benefits?
Which analysis would be conducted when faced with options of more cost and more benefits?
What is the purpose of the EQ-5D questionnaire?
What is the purpose of the EQ-5D questionnaire?
In the expression ICER = Delta Cost / Delta QALYs, what does QALYs stand for?
In the expression ICER = Delta Cost / Delta QALYs, what does QALYs stand for?
When is Cost-Effective Analysis (CEA) typically applied?
When is Cost-Effective Analysis (CEA) typically applied?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Truncated Trials
- Truncated trials refer to stopping studies early due to observed benefits or harms.
- Important to consider any caveats when stopping trials early, which may affect conclusions.
Patient Participation in Studies
- Verify if a patient has previously participated in ANY studies to understand the combined impact on mortality and morbidity.
Cost-Effectiveness in Interventions
- Interventions or drugs costing more than standard treatments with lower benefits should be refused.
- Favor interventions that cost less or provide equal benefits compared to alternatives.
- In cases of higher costs with more benefits or lower costs with fewer benefits, a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is employed.
Measures of Cost-Effectiveness
- ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) is calculated as Delta Cost/Delta QALYs to assess cost relative to quality of life improvements.
- QALY stands for Quality-Adjusted Life Years, with tools like the EQ-5D questionnaire used for measurement.
Statistical Terms
- Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) indicates the percentage reduction of an event occurring; e.g., RRR of 40% means a 40% lower risk.
- Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) shows the actual percentage of reduction; e.g., ARR of 12% signifies a 12% reduction in risk.
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is a critical metric for assessing the impact of a treatment.
- Number Needed to Harm (NNH) is important for evaluating potential adverse effects of a treatment.
Study Design Considerations
- Understanding independent and dependent variables is crucial in research design.
- Define the power of a study, which relates to its ability to detect an effect if there is one.
- Address the management of missing data, as it can significantly impact study validity.
Pilot Studies
- Investigate the purpose and significance of pilot studies in research; these preliminary studies test feasibility and design before larger trials.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
