Triple Negative Breast Cancer Overview

A type of breast cancer that lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 protein production.

A protein that responds to estrogen.

A protein that responds to progesterone.

A protein involved in cell growth and division.

A test that identifies the lack of ER, PR, and HER2 production in cancer cells.

A common form of cancer that develops in the breast tissue.

An organization that provides information and support regarding cancer in Ireland.

TNBC (Triple-Negative Breast Cancer) tumor growth can spread if not treated, identified through studying the cell pathways.

PI3K, BRCA, and TP53 are molecular markers in TNBC that can cause growths if dysfunctional and can metastasize.

The pathways are the series of actions/processes in cells leading to TNBC. Changes such as mutations in genes occur along these pathways.

The TP53 pathway is a crucial signaling pathway in TNBC that becomes more prominent in high-grade mutations.

The PI3K pathway is a signaling pathway in TNBC and is more prevalent in later stages of low-grade mutations.

Early stages of TNBC with particular histologic types (e.g., salivary gland-like tumours or solid papillary carcinoma).

More advanced stages of TNBC, showing distinguished TP53 and PI3K pathways.

Treatment for TNBC can be deduced and designed based on the observed pathways (TP53, PI3K).

Analyzing genes in TNBC (Triple-Negative Breast Cancer) to find specific subtypes and molecular targets.

Modern DNA sequencing technology that can analyze a large number of DNA sequences rapidly.

A specific type of next-generation sequencing technology frequently used in modern labs.

Molecular markers identified from gene analysis associated with a certain trait or response to treatment

When a gene is producing more protein products than usual, often at a percentage much higher than the typical.

A medication that interferes with hormone receptor function, frequently used to treat certain cancers.

Gene editing and silencing techniques to understand gene function and target cancer.

A gene that encodes the catalytic alpha subunit (p110α) of PI3K, a protein frequently mutated in cancers, affecting tumour growth and survival.

A protein family with many roles in cell growth, survival, including mutation in cancer development. It is often a mutation target.

A common mutation location in a gene, often in a cancer-related gene like PIK3CA, typically leading to amino acid substitutions.

Specific mutations of PIK3CA, found in Exon 9, leading to amino acid substitutions causing cancer.

Specific PIK3CA mutations found in exon 20, causing amino acid changes and contributing to cancer.

Specific sections (exons) of the PIK3CA gene that are frequently mutated in many cancers, including breast cancer.

Cancer Genome Atlas, a database of genomic data used to study cancer.

A gene-editing technology that allows scientists to edit genetic material directly, for example, targeting PI3K.

A cancer research database that provides information on cancer cell lines and genomic engineering.

Tumor suppressor genes responsible for DNA repair, crucial for preventing cancer. Mutations in these genes can severely impact DNA repair mechanisms, increasing risk of cancer, particularly TNBC.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer; a breast cancer subtype lacking specific receptors (estrogen, progesterone, and HER2) making it harder to treat.

A tumor suppressor gene, crucial in the DNA repair pathway of cells. It halts the cell cycle or triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) when DNA damage is detected.

Changes in the structure or number of chromosomes, can lead to various diseases, including cancer. Specifically, alterations can affect TNBC development by impacting immune response or angiogenesis.

A treatment approach that obstructs the cancer's blood supply, limiting its growth and spread. Used in some TNBC subtypes.

BRCA1 is located on chromosome 17q21, containing 24 exons and encoding a protein of 1863 amino acids.

BRCA2 is located on chromosome 13q12, containing 27 exons, encoding a protein of 3418 amino acids.

The state where the complete genome of a cell is correctly maintained and properly replicated during any cell division.

Programmed cell death, triggered by damaged DNA and regulated by proteins, an important mechanism to prevent abnormal cell growth

The process by which cells progress from one stage of their life cycle to the next, leading to cell division and replication. TP53 can influence the cell cycle.

A type of breast cancer that lacks the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 receptors.

A strong biomarker for TNBC, often mutated in these cancers, affecting treatments.

A mutation in the PI3K gene, highly important in the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.

A gene editing tool used to analyze gene expression in TNBC cell lines.

A technology to study gene expression by interfering with the target gene's effectiveness.

A tumor suppressor gene vital for healthy cell regulation and preventing uncontrolled growth in TNBC.

A mutated TP53 gene that often occurs in TNBC making cells unresponsive or damaged, leading to uncontrolled growth.

Mutations that occur in body cells that can lead to cancer. Occur in TNBC.

A comprehensive database of cancer genomics data.

Frequency of specific gene mutations in different cancers, like TNBC.

Genes involved in regulating the immune system. Important in TNBC studies.