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Questions and Answers
What can larvae be identified in?
Sputum
What is the general percentage range for eosinophilia?
30-50%
How long do symptoms last for Trichinella spiralis infection?
2-3 weeks
What is Trichinella spiralis classified as?
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What type of larvae does Trichinella spiralis release?
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What is the primary intermediate host for Trichinella spiralis?
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What is included in the diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis?
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What is the primary location of Ancylostoma duodenale?
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What method is used for diagnosing Ancylostoma duodenale?
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Match the following definitions to Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus:
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What is Taenia saginata?
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Which of the following are life cycle hosts of Taenia saginata?
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What diagnostics are used for Taenia saginata?
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What does the gravid proglottid of Taenia saginata contain?
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What is the intermediate host for Taenia solium?
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What are the diagnostic methods for Taenia solium?
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What is the primary larval stage of Taenia echinococcus?
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What type of organism is Hymenolepis nana?
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What is the habitat of Enterobius vermicularis?
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What is a key characteristic of Ascaris lumbricoides?
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How is ascariasis diagnosed?
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Study Notes
Taenia saginata
- Adult worm ranges from 4 to 10 meters and consists of 1000 to 2000 proglottides.
- Scolex measures 1 to 2 mm in diameter, equipped with 4 suckers but lacks rostrellum or hooks.
- Gravid proglottids are 16 to 20 mm by 5 to 7 mm, containing around 100,000 eggs with 15-30 lateral branches.
Life Cycle of Taenia saginata
- Definitive host: humans; Intermediate host: cattle.
- Eggs or gravid proglottids exit the human body through feces.
- Cattle ingest contaminated food, leading to cysticercus development in muscles.
- Humans are infected by consuming undercooked infected meat, resulting in adult tapeworm generation within the small intestine.
Diagnosis of Taenia saginata
- Diagnosis involves stool exams to detect eggs and proglottids, as well as Scotch tape swabs.
Taenia solium
- Adult worm measures 2 to 8 meters, segmented into 800 to 1000 segments with a globular scolex featuring 4 cups, a rostrellum, and 20-30 hooks.
- Gravid proglottids contain 30,000 to 70,000 eggs and 3-6 proglottids are released daily.
Life Cycle of Taenia solium
- Habitat is the jejunum in the small intestine; definitive host: humans; intermediate host: pigs.
- Similar to T. saginata, but the intermediate host is a pig.
- After humans consume undercooked pork with cysticercus, tapeworm develops in the intestine and produces gravid proglottids.
Diagnosis of Taenia solium
- Stool analysis looking for eggs and proglottids is standard.
- Neurocysticercosis can be diagnosed using CT scans.
Taenia echinococcus
- Adult size is about 4.5 cm, features four suckers, a rostellum with hooks, and three proglottids (immature, mature, gravid).
- The larval stage forms a hydatid cyst in host organs such as liver and lungs.
Life Cycle of Taenia echinococcus
- Definitive host: dogs; intermediate host: sheep; humans are dead-end hosts.
- Ingestion of eggs leads to oncospheres developing into hydatid cysts in organs, producing daughter cysts.
Diagnosis of Taenia echinococcus
- Diagnosis involves imaging techniques like CT scans and ultrasonography.
- Eggs are only found in dogs and larvae in humans.
Hymenolepis nana
- Characterized by oval/globular eggs with a hexacanth embryo surrounded by a double membrane.
- Definitive hosts include humans, mice, and rats, with arthropod intermediate hosts.
Life Cycle of Hymenolepis nana
- Eggs develop into cysticercoids in intermediate hosts, which can then infect definitive hosts directly.
- Internal autoinfection can occur without passage through the external environment.
Diagnosis of Hymenolepis nana
- Diagnosis is done through stool examination for eggs.
Hymenolepis diminuta
- Eggs measure 55 by 80 um and lack polar filaments on the inner membrane.
- Life cycle involves rodents as definitive hosts and arthropods as intermediate hosts.
Diagnosis of Hymenolepis diminuta
- Stool analysis is performed to check for eggs.
Dipylidium caninum
- Eggs are globular and contain onchospheres with 6 hooklets.
- Life cycle involves flea larvae as intermediate hosts that ingest eggs and develop into cysticercoid larvae.
Diagnosis of Dipylidium caninum
- Diagnosis is made through stool exam for eggs.
Enterobius vermicularis
- Adult female (8-15 mm) has a long pointed tail and can lay 10,000-15,000 eggs; males are smaller (2-5 mm) with a curved posterior.
Life Cycle of Enterobius vermicularis
- Habitat is the large intestine; eggs are often ingested by children, leading to retroinfection.
Diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis
- Diagnosed via the Scotch tape method and microscopic examination of the perianal region.
Trichuris trichiura
- Adult morphology features a whip-like anterior and thicker posterior, capable of producing 3000-6000 eggs per day.
- Habitat includes the cecum and appendix with embryonated eggs serving as the infective stage.
Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura
- Diagnosed through stool exams or colonoscopy.
Ascaris lumbricoides
- Largest human nematode with adult size ranging from 10-25 cm in males, featuring a smooth, striated cuticle and three lips at the anterior end.
Life Cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
- Females produce eggs passed in feces; larvae hatch in the intestine and migrate through the body, maturing into adult worms in the small intestine.
Diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides
- Diagnosed through stool exam for eggs and adult worms; eosinophilia may also indicate infection.
Trichinella spiralis
- Encysted larvae are found in muscle but no eggs are produced. Adult females live for about 30 days, releasing a multitude of larvae.
Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralis
- Intermediate hosts like pigs ingest encysted larvae, which then develop into adults in the small intestine.
Diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis
- Diagnosed via muscle biopsy, ELISA tests, or blood smears.
Ancylostoma duodenale
- Located in the jejunum/duodenal mucosa, this parasite possesses a buccal capsule with two pairs of teeth for attachment.
- Life cycle includes development from eggs passed in feces.### Life Cycle of Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)
- Eggs mature in soil, releasing rhabditiform larvae.
- Rhabditiform larvae develop into infective filariform larvae.
- Filariform larvae penetrate the skin upon contact with a human host.
- Larvae enter circulation and migrate to the lungs via blood vessels.
- In the lungs, larvae break into alveoli and ascend the trachea to the pharynx.
- Swallowed larvae mature in the small intestine.
- Adult worms reside in the lumen of the small intestine, and eggs are excreted in feces.
Diagnosis of Ancylostomiasis
- Diagnosis is confirmed through stool examinations for eggs.
- Harada-Mori method employs filter paper for larval recovery.
- Charcoal culture method is also utilized for diagnosis.
Morphology of Necator americanus
- Phylum: Helminthes; Class: Nematoda.
- Male size: 7-9 mm long, 0.3 mm wide; Female size: 9-11 mm long, 0.4 mm wide.
- Characterized by a buccal capsule without teeth, featuring two sharp, semicircular cutting blades.
- Lives for 3-10 years and attaches to the small intestine's mucosa, ingesting approximately 0.03 ml of blood daily.
Life Cycle of Necator americanus
- Eggs passed in stool are the diagnostic stage; favorable conditions allow larvae to develop from eggs.
- Rhabditiform larvae convert to infective filariform larvae.
- Penetration of skin allows entry into the bloodstream, reaching lungs.
- Larvae ascend bronchial tree, swallowed, and migrate to small intestine to mature into adults.
- Adult worms attach to intestinal wall, causing blood loss to the host.
Diagnosis of Necator americanus
- Diagnosis involves stool examination for eggs.
- Harada-Mori method utilizing filter paper for larval identification.
- Coil culture method is also applied for detection.
Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus
- Eggs are oval-shaped, measuring 64-75 µm in length.
- They feature a transparent thin shell and smooth surface, containing 2-4 blastomeres when freshly laid.
Life Cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus
- Similar life cycle to Necator americanus, involving soil maturation, larval penetration, lung migration, and intestinal residency for adulthood, causing blood loss.
Diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus
- Diagnostic approaches mirror those used for Necator americanus, including stool exams and culture methods.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis, a significant nematode parasite. This quiz covers its life cycle, the symptoms it causes, and how it can be identified in clinical settings. Understand the implications of eosinophilia and serology in diagnosis.
