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An analyst gathers the following data about the returns for two stocks. Stock A, Stock B: E(R): 0.04, 0.09 σ2: 0.0025, 0.0064 Cov (A,B) = 0.001 The correlation between the returns of Stock A and Stock B is closest to:

  • 0.63
  • 0.25 (correct)
  • 0.50

Over long periods of time, compared to fixed income securities, equities have tended to exhibit:

  • higher average annual returns and higher standard deviation of returns. (correct)
  • lower average annual returns and higher standard deviation of returns.
  • higher average annual returns and lower standard deviation of returns.

Historically, which of the following asset classes has exhibited the smallest standard deviation of monthly returns?

  • Long-term corporate bonds.
  • Large-capitalization stocks.
  • Treasury bills. (correct)

Over the long term, the annual returns and standard deviations of returns for major asset classes have shown:

<p>a positive relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A line that represents the possible portfolios that combine a risky asset and a risk free asset is most accurately described as a:

<p>capital allocation line. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the efficient frontier is least accurate?

<p>Investors will want to invest in the portfolio on the efficient frontier that offers the highest rate of return. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optimal portfolio in the Markowitz framework occurs when an investor achieves the diversified portfolio with the:

<p>highest utility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the optimal portfolio is NOT correct? The optimal portfolio:

<p>is the portfolio that gives the investor the maximum level of return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basic premise of the risk-return trade-off suggests that risk-averse individuals purchasing investments with higher non-diversifiable risk should expect to earn:

<p>higher rates of return. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Investors who are less risk averse will have what type of indifference curves for risk and expected return?

<p>Flatter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smith has more steeply sloped risk-return indifference curves than Jones. Assuming these investors have the same expectations, which of the following best describes their risk preferences and the characteristics of their optimal portfolios? Smith is:

<p>more risk averse than Jones and will choose an optimal portfolio with a lower expected return. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The particular portfolio on the efficient frontier that best suits an individual investor is determined by:

<p>the individual's utility curve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Markowitz, an investor's optimal portfolio is determined where the:

<p>investor's highest utility curve is tangent to the efficient frontier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Becky Scott and Sid Fiona have the same expectations about the risk and return of the market portfolio; however, Scott selects a portfolio with 30% T-bills and 70% invested in the market portfolio, while Fiona holds a leveraged portfolio, having borrowed to invest 130% of his portfolio equity value in the market portfolio. Regarding their preferences between risk and return and their indifference curves, it is most likely that:

<p>Fiona's indifference curves are flatter than Scott's. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A risk-averse investor choosing from these portfolios could rationally select:

<p>Jones or Lewis, but not Kelly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Risk aversion means that an individual will choose the less risky of two assets:

<p>if they have the same expected return. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the above graph is least accurate?

<p>Investor X is less risk-averse than Investor Y. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stock has an expected return of 4% with a standard deviation of returns of 6%. A bond has an expected return of 4% with a standard deviation of 7%. An investor who prefers to invest in the stock rather than the bond is best described as:

<p>risk seeking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variance of the portfolio is closest to:

<p>0.25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the following correlation matrix, which two stocks would combine to make the lowest-risk portfolio? (Assume the stocks have equal risk and returns.)

<p>Stock = A A = +1 B = -0.2 C = +0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the standard deviation of returns for stock A is 0.40 and for stock B is 0.30 and the covariance between the returns of the two stocks is 0.007 what is the correlation between stocks A and B?

<p>0.0583</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two assets are perfectly positively correlated. If 30% of an investor's funds were put in the asset with a standard deviation of 0.3 and 70% were invested in an asset with a standard deviation of 0.4, what is the standard deviation of the portfolio?

<p>0.370</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the covariance of rates of return is least accurate?

<p>If the covariance is negative, the rates of return on two investments will always move in different directions relative to their means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the variance and standard deviation of the two stock portfolio?

<p>Variance = 0.03836; Standard Deviation = 19.59%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the standard deviation of stock A is 10.6%, the standard deviation of stock B is 14.6%, and the covariance between the two is 0.015476, what is the correlation coefficient?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the variance of a two-stock portfolio if 15% is invested in stock A (variance of 0.0071) and 85% in stock B (variance of 0.0008) and the correlation coefficient between the stocks is 0.04?

<p>0.0007</p> Signup and view all the answers

The correlation coefficient between stocks A and B is 0.75. The standard deviation of stock As returns is 16% and the standard deviation of stock Bs returns is 22%. What is the covariance between stock A and B?

<p>0.0352</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculating the variance of a two-asset portfolio least likely requires inputs for each asset's:

<p>beta. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The covariance of the market's returns with the stock's returns is 0.008. The standard deviation of the market's returns is 0.1 and the standard deviation of the stock's returns is 0.2. What is the correlation coefficient between the stock and market returns?

<p>0.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the covariance for this portfolio?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

An investor's portfolio currently has an expected return of 11% with a variance of 0.0081. She is considering replacing 20% of the portfolio with a security that has an expected return of 12% and a standard deviation of 0.07. If the covariance between the returns on the existing portfolio and the returns on the added security is 0.0058, the variance of returns on the new portfolio will be closest to:

<p>0.00724 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portfolio's standard deviation is closest to:

<p>0.1600 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the standard deviation of asset A is 12.2%, the standard deviation of asset B is 8.9%, and the correlation coefficient is 0.20, what is the covariance between A and B?

<p>0.0022</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the variance of Bond 1 increases to 0.026 while the variance of Bond 2 decreases to 0.188 and the covariance remains the same, the correlation between the two bonds will:

<p>decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two stocks have positive covariance:

<p>their rates of return tend to change in the same direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The standard deviation of returns for the overall portfolio is closest to:

<p>14.45% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Risk-Return Trade-off

The tendency of investors to prefer investments with higher expected returns, even if they come with higher risk.

Beta

A measure of how much an asset's return is expected to change in relation to changes in the market return.

Unsystematic Risk

The risk that can be reduced or eliminated through diversification.

Systematic Risk

The risk that cannot be reduced through diversification.

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Security Market Line (SML)

The relationship between expected return and risk for a portfolio of risky assets.

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Capital Market Line (CML)

A line representing the relationship between expected return and risk for portfolios that combine a risk-free asset and the market portfolio.

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Indifference Curve

An investor's preference for risk and return represented by a curve showing different combinations of risk and return that provide the same level of satisfaction.

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Markowitz Portfolio Theory

A method for constructing portfolios that combine assets to achieve the highest possible expected return for a given level of risk.

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Efficient Portfolio

A portfolio that provides the highest expected return for a given level of risk.

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Efficient Frontier

A curve showing the set of all efficient portfolios, with the highest possible expected return for each level of risk.

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Optimal Portfolio

The portfolio on the efficient frontier that offers the highest expected return for a given level of risk aversion.

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Sharpe Ratio

A way to measure the risk-adjusted performance of an investment.

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Treynor Measure

A measure of the risk-adjusted performance of a portfolio, taking into account the systematic risk of the portfolio.

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Jensen's Alpha

The excess return of an investment compared to the expected return based on the CAPM.

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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

A model that describes the relationship between expected return and risk for a given security, assuming that investors are rational and seek to maximize their returns.

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Market Risk Premium

The extra return that investors expect to earn for taking on systematic risk.

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Risk Management

A risk management approach where a company identifies, evaluates, and manages risks by considering their potential impact on the organization.

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Risk Management Framework

A framework that outlines the overarching approach to risk management within an organization, including policies, procedures, and processes.

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Risk Tolerance

The degree to which an organization is willing to take on risk.

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Scenario Analysis

A method for assessing the potential impact of a specific event or scenario on an organization.

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Stress Testing

A technique used to assess the potential impact of extreme events on an organization.

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Solvency Risk

The risk that an organization will be unable to meet its financial obligations.

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Interest Rate Risk

The risk associated with changes in interest rates.

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Duration

A measure of the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates.

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Liquidity Risk

The risk that an investor will be unable to sell an asset quickly enough to get a fair price.

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Model Risk

The risk that a model will be inaccurate or flawed, leading to incorrect investment decisions.

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Value at Risk (VaR)

A measure of the potential for an investment to lose value due to unexpected events.

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Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR)

A measure of the expected loss beyond the VaR.

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Core-Satellite Approach

An investment approach where the investor chooses a core group of assets that have a low correlation and then adds a small portion of high conviction assets.

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Risk Budgeting

An investment strategy focused on allocating assets within a portfolio based on the specific risks they present.

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Portfolio Rebalancing

The process of adjusting an investment portfolio to bring the asset allocation back to its original target.

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Tactical Asset Allocation

The process of making adjustments to an investment portfolio to reflect changes in market conditions or investor preferences.

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Investment Policy Statement (IPS)

A document that outlines an investor’s investment objectives and constraints.

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Asset Allocation

The process of selecting the specific assets to be included in an investment portfolio.

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Top-Down Analysis

A way of analyzing investments by starting with a broad macroeconomic outlook and then narrowing the focus to specific industries and companies.

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Investment Strategy

An investment plan designed to meet the specific needs of a particular individual or institution.

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Defined Contribution Pension Plan

A pension plan where the employer contributes to a fund on behalf of employees and the benefit amount is determined by the fund's performance and the employee contributions.

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Defined Benefit Pension Plan

A pension plan where the employer promises a specific benefit amount to employees upon retirement.

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Closed-End Fund

A type of pooled investment fund that issues shares in a secondary market, and the share price can trade at a premium or discount to the net asset value (NAV).

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Open-End Fund

A type of pooled investment fund that issues shares that are bought and sold directly from the fund, and the share price is always equal to the net asset value (NAV).

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Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)

A type of pooled investment fund that tracks a specific index, aiming to replicate the performance of that benchmark.

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Private Equity Fund

A type of pooled investment fund that invests in private companies and typically uses a long-term investment horizon.

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Venture Capital Fund

A type of investment fund that focuses on investing in early-stage companies, often with high growth potential.

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Specialist Asset Manager

An asset management company that specializes in managing specific types of investments, such as private equity or emerging market debt.

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Multi-Boutique Firm

An asset management company that consists of multiple independent investment firms, each specializing in a different investment strategy.

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Full-Service Asset Manager

An asset management company that offers a broad range of investment services, such as investment research, portfolio management, and financial planning.

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Endowment Bias

The tendency for investors to overvalue assets that they already own.

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Availability Bias

The tendency for investors to base their decisions on easily recalled information, even if it is not the most relevant.

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Overconfidence Bias

The tendency for investors to overestimate their ability to predict future events.

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Loss Aversion Bias

The tendency for investors to be more sensitive to losses than gains.

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Status Quo Bias

The tendency for investors to stick with their initial investments even if they are no longer appropriate.

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Framing Bias

The tendency for investors to frame decisions in a way that favors a particular outcome.

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Mental Accounting Bias

The tendency for investors to treat different sources of income differently, leading to inconsistent spending and investment decisions.

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Representativeness Bias

The tendency for investors to place information into categories, even if those categories are not always accurate.

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Overreaction Bias

The tendency for investors to overreact to new information, leading to excessive trading.

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Conservatism Bias

The tendency for investors to underestimate the impact of new information.

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Hindsight Bias

The tendency for investors to exaggerate their ability to have predicted past events after those events have already occurred.

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Risk Governance

The process of identifying, evaluating, and managing risks that could affect an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives.

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Operational Risk

The risk that an organization will experience losses due to human error, process failures, or inadequate controls.

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Market Risk

The risk that an organization will be unable to meet its financial obligations due to changes in market conditions, such as interest rate changes, currency valuations, or commodity prices.

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Credit Risk

The risk that an organization will not be able to repay its debts when they become due.

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Liquidity Risk

The risk that an organization will not be able to raise capital when needed.

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Tail Risk

The risk that an organization will experience losses due to unforeseen events.

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Risk Tolerance Analysis

A method for determining an organization’s risk tolerance based on a detailed assessment of its financial strength, its culture, and its business objectives.

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Study Notes

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