Treehoppers and Transcription Factors Quiz

Cell division is controlled in space and time, unlike uncontrolled growth in tumors.

Some cells have a predetermined number of divisions they undergo, leading to a fixed lineage. For example, a stem cell might divide a certain number of times before differentiating.

Cells use gradients of gene products to determine their position and regulate growth. These positions can change as the organism grows.

Groups of cells migrate together during development, for example, forming the lateral line system in fish.

Individual cells move to their designated locations, such as neural crest cells which form various tissues.

Similar cells recognize each other through surface molecules, leading to tissue cohesion. For example, cells of the same type tend to stick together.

Developing cells receive instructions through cell determination, inheriting information from their parent cells, and cell communication, where cells signal each other. Both processes influence gene expression.

Asymmetric cell division ensures the distribution of specific determinants, leading to cell determination and the creation of daughter cells with different fates.

A transcription factor that controls the expression of other genes, responsible for segment identity

The targets of Ubx, the genes it controls, have evolved differently between flies and butterflies

The helmet is a distinctive feature on the head of treehoppers, resembling a wing-like structure

The helmet is a T1 dorsal appendage, most likely a modified wing, and grows similarly to wings

The helmet is a novel structure not found in other insects, possibly because a genetic constraint was overcome

Changes in the Scr gene, its function, or downstream genes, could be responsible for the development of the helmet

The helmet is an example of a wing serial homolog, a structure evolved from wings, with a different function, and shows rapid diversification

Beetle elytra, hardened wing-like structures for protection, are another example of wing serial homologs evolving for a new function

The process of new sex-specific traits emerging due to changes in the expression of the doublesex gene. These changes can involve spatial rearrangements, like altering the location or density of the gene's activity, or sex-specific modifications, where the gene's activity is fine-tuned differently in males and females.

A gene that plays a crucial role in determining sex-specific traits in insects. Changes in the expression of this gene are often linked to the emergence of new sex-specific structures.

The way a gene is expressed, meaning where and when its instructions are carried out in a developing organism. Changes in these patterns can lead to the formation of new structures.

A theory that proposes that insect wings evolved from gill-like appendages, known as epipods, present in the aquatic ancestors of insects and crustaceans.

Structures that assist spiders in breathing air and spinning webs. These structures are thought to have originated from gill-like appendages in aquatic ancestors.

A distinctive and visually striking pattern found on the wings of some butterflies, often resembling eyes. They are thought to have evolved independently in different butterfly lineages.

The family of butterflies that are known for displaying elaborate eyespots on their wings.

The process by which a new trait arises independently in different lineages. In the case of butterfly eyespots, these patterns have evolved multiple times in different butterfly families.

A trait that appears new in a group of species, lacking clear evolutionary connection to ancestral structures.

The idea that new traits arise from modifying or reusing existing genetic material, not from creating completely new structures.

A concept that illustrates how a trait, seemingly novel, might actually be a modified version of a pre-existing structure or developmental program.

Genes that control the development of basic body structures, often reused and modified in evolution to create new features.

The process of altering how genes are expressed, leading to changes in the development and function of traits.

The process of creating a copy of a gene, potentially leading to the evolution of new functions.

The frequent reuse of existing genes or regulatory networks in evolution, as it is more likely than creating completely new ones.

The study of how evolutionary changes to genes and development lead to the diversity of organisms.

The number of gene loci involved in a trait's variation, their interrelationships, and their relative contributions to this overall variation.

A method for identifying genetic changes linked to a new phenotype, without needing prior knowledge of the trait's development. It involves a comprehensive examination of genetic changes.

A technique for identifying the genetic architecture underlying variation in a trait, particularly helpful for traits with multiple genes involved.

A method to identify genetic variants linked to a trait by comparing individuals with different trait expressions. It focuses on areas of the genome already known to be involved in trait development.

A method to discover specific genetic variations that occur more frequently in individuals displaying a particular trait. It can reveal specific genes associated with the trait if the analysis is precise enough.

The transfer of genetic material from one species to another through hybridization. This can help researchers study the genetic basis of traits in different species.

A change in gene expression does not necessarily mean that the genetic changes responsible for that change occur within the gene itself.

The process of evolution repeating itself as a result of similar genetic changes, even across different species.

A functional unit of DNA that doesn't always encode a protein.

A region of DNA that gets transcribed into RNA, which can then be translated into a protein.

A DNA sequence that controls the activity of a producer gene, essentially switching it on or off.

RNA molecules that specifically interact with receptor genes to control the expression of producer genes.

Genes responsible for making activator RNAs. These RNAs then control the expression of other genes.

DNA sequences that act as binding sites for external factors like hormones. These factors trigger specific gene activity patterns.

A set of producer genes that are activated by a specific sensor gene in response to a signaling molecule.

The idea that genes which are active in a specific cell are regulated by DNA sequences near them, and not by the genes being physically close on the DNA molecule.