Treaty of Berlin and Roumania Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was a necessary condition for the recognition of Roumania's independence?

Full civil and political rights for all subjects (correct)

Military alliances with neighboring countries

Economic stability and trade agreements

Recognition of religious organizations

Which article of the Treaty of Berlin pertains specifically to religious equality in Roumania?

Article 43

Article 45

Article 44 (correct)

Article 46

What does Article 44 guarantee regarding the exercise of worship in Roumania?

Equal treatment regardless of creed (correct)

Limitation to state-sanctioned religions

Freedom to missionaries only

Restriction based on local ordinances

What provision did Article 45 of the Treaty of Berlin include?

Retrocession of Bessarabia to Russia Signup and view all the answers

What was a prerequisite for foreigners to obtain naturalization in Roumania according to the Constitution before amendments?

Belonging to the Christian rite Signup and view all the answers

What action was proposed by the Assembly in Roumania to comply with the Treaty of Berlin?

Amending the Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Which authority provided guidance on how Roumania should comply with international law regarding the Treaty of Berlin?

Professor Bluntschli Signup and view all the answers

What was the intended impact of Articles 43 and 44 of the Treaty of Berlin on Roumania's treatment of its subjects?

Elimination of discrimination based on religion Signup and view all the answers

What factor is left to the discretion of the legislature regarding the application for citizenship?

The amount required to possess Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases describes how the legislature has used its discretion in applications?

To frequently reject applications under various pretenses Signup and view all the answers

What is required of an applicant regarding their calling in order to be deemed eligible?

They must be classified as a beneficial member of society Signup and view all the answers

How long must an applicant reside in Romania after applying for naturalization?

Ten years Signup and view all the answers

What was the intention behind the ten-year residence requirement for Jewish applicants?

To postpone the enjoyment of citizenship rights Signup and view all the answers

What cost does a Jew face when obtaining the stamped form for application compared to others?

Twenty-five francs for Jews and twenty-five centimes for others Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about Article 7 regarding the status of Romanian Jews?

It offers no real improvement in their situation Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is emphasized regarding the applicant's journey to obtain citizenship?

They face numerous obstacles from officials Signup and view all the answers

What did Dr. Bluntschli propose for the Roumanian Constitution regarding the treatment of Jews?

Incorporate Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty into the Constitution. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Roumanian Assembly respond to the needs of the Jewish population?

They proposed individual acts of naturalization with restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

What was the principal concern of the English Government regarding the naturalization law for Jews?

It did not allow Jews to apply collectively for citizenship. Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the Berlin Treaty specifically addresses the rights of Jews in Roumania?

Article 44 Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the conditions for naturalization proposed by the Roumanian Assembly?

They included onerous and vexatious restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

What did the English Government specifically say about the proposed naturalization law?

It was inadequate for compliance with the Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What did Dr. Bluntschli emphasize about the need for reform in Roumania?

Immediate compliance with the Treaty was essential. Signup and view all the answers

What was the general sentiment towards the Roumanian government's approach to Jewish rights?

It was criticized for failing to provide collective rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the petitioner's naturalization process in Roumania?

Proof of residence and citizenship of his parents Signup and view all the answers

How much does each separate proof required in the application process cost?

One franc Signup and view all the answers

Since the amended Article 7 became part of the Roumanian Constitution in 1879, how many Jews were granted naturalisation by 1884?

None Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what prevents children of naturalised Jews from becoming Roumanians?

They remain 'aliens' Signup and view all the answers

What has been largely evaded by Roumanians regarding naturalisation?

The stipulations of Article 44 of the Treaty of Berlin Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of Jewish subjects in Roumania roughly estimated at?

265,000 Signup and view all the answers

What new standing order was made by the Senate regarding naturalisation applications?

Applications require a two-thirds majority vote to be granted Signup and view all the answers

What additional cost is associated with obtaining a certificate of naturalisation?

150 francs Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is primarily faced by Jews in Roumania regarding their profession?

They are entirely excluded from almost all honourable callings. Signup and view all the answers

What condition was imposed upon the acceptance of autonomy by Roumanians?

Full civil and political rights must be granted to members of all creeds. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult for Jewish people to live in Roumania according to the passage?

They have to forfeit their rights in order to leave. Signup and view all the answers

What phrase indicates the exclusionary mindset of Roumanian politicians?

Roumania for the Roumanians. Signup and view all the answers

What major legal restriction is imposed on Jews regarding land ownership?

Jews are not allowed to acquire land except in urban settings. Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis for the Senate's refusal of M. Reinstein's naturalisation application?

He did not prove his father's citizenship. Signup and view all the answers

What has been the overall impact of Roumanian legislation on Jewish industries?

It has systematically excluded Jews from almost all professions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the relationship between Roumanians and Jews regarding autonomy and rights?

Roumanians demanded autonomy while denying Jews essential rights. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Treaty of Berlin and Roumania

Roumania's independence was recognized by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 under the condition that all Roumanian subjects, regardless of religious creed, would enjoy equal civil and political rights.
Articles 43 and 44 of the Treaty stipulated that religious creed should not be a reason for exclusion or incapacity in matters of civil and political rights, public employment, or the exercise of professions.
The Roumanian Assembly was tasked with amending the Roumanian Constitution to comply with these provisions.
The Roumanian Constitution, before the amendment, stated that only foreigners of the Christian rite could obtain naturalisation.

Bluntschli's Opinion

According to Professor Bluntschli, a prominent jurist in international law, Roumania should have:
- Deleted Article 7 from its Constitution.
- Included Article 44 of the Treaty of Berlin as a part of its Constitution.
- Repealed any laws that restricted the rights of Roumanian Jews.

Roumanian Response

The Roumanian Assembly proposed a system of individual acts of naturalization for Jewish subjects, subject to stringent conditions and restrictions.
The English government, in a dispatch by Lord Salisbury, strongly criticized this approach, stating it did not meet the requirements of the Treaty of Berlin.

The Amended Article 7 of the Roumanian Constitution

Introduced a process of naturalization for Jews with several restrictive conditions:
- An unspecified amount of wealth was required.
- The applicant's calling and "usefulness" to society were not clearly defined, allowing for subjective interpretation.
- A ten-year residency after application was required, effectively delaying citizenship.

Consequences of the Amended Article 7

The application process for naturalisation was made extremely difficult and expensive.
Despite numerous applications, naturalization was only granted to a small number of people, mostly soldiers and members of wealthy families.
Due to the restrictive nature of the process, the Roumanian government effectively evaded the obligations under the Treaty of Berlin.

The lack of citizenship rights resulted in significant disabilities for Jewish subjects in Roumania.
Jews were barred from almost all honourable professions, limiting their livelihood and opportunities.
These disabilities made it difficult for Jews to live in Roumania and also prevented them from leaving the country without forfeiting their right to return.

Roumania's Intentions

The Roumanian government showed an unwillingness to implement the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin fully.
"Roumania for the Roumanians" appeared to be the driving principle behind Roumanian legislation, excluding Jewish subjects.
The government implemented a system of legal limitations, including restrictions on land ownership and the practice of various professions, that prevented Jewish subjects from fully participating in society.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Treaty of Berlin and its impact on Roumania's independence in 1878. This quiz covers the key articles of the treaty, the implications for civil rights, and Professor Bluntschli's critiques regarding the Roumanian Constitution. Discover how historical treaties shaped civil liberties in Roumania.