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Questions and Answers
What was a necessary condition for the recognition of Roumania's independence?
What was a necessary condition for the recognition of Roumania's independence?
Which article of the Treaty of Berlin pertains specifically to religious equality in Roumania?
Which article of the Treaty of Berlin pertains specifically to religious equality in Roumania?
What does Article 44 guarantee regarding the exercise of worship in Roumania?
What does Article 44 guarantee regarding the exercise of worship in Roumania?
What provision did Article 45 of the Treaty of Berlin include?
What provision did Article 45 of the Treaty of Berlin include?
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What was a prerequisite for foreigners to obtain naturalization in Roumania according to the Constitution before amendments?
What was a prerequisite for foreigners to obtain naturalization in Roumania according to the Constitution before amendments?
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What action was proposed by the Assembly in Roumania to comply with the Treaty of Berlin?
What action was proposed by the Assembly in Roumania to comply with the Treaty of Berlin?
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Which authority provided guidance on how Roumania should comply with international law regarding the Treaty of Berlin?
Which authority provided guidance on how Roumania should comply with international law regarding the Treaty of Berlin?
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What was the intended impact of Articles 43 and 44 of the Treaty of Berlin on Roumania's treatment of its subjects?
What was the intended impact of Articles 43 and 44 of the Treaty of Berlin on Roumania's treatment of its subjects?
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What factor is left to the discretion of the legislature regarding the application for citizenship?
What factor is left to the discretion of the legislature regarding the application for citizenship?
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Which of the following phrases describes how the legislature has used its discretion in applications?
Which of the following phrases describes how the legislature has used its discretion in applications?
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What is required of an applicant regarding their calling in order to be deemed eligible?
What is required of an applicant regarding their calling in order to be deemed eligible?
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How long must an applicant reside in Romania after applying for naturalization?
How long must an applicant reside in Romania after applying for naturalization?
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What was the intention behind the ten-year residence requirement for Jewish applicants?
What was the intention behind the ten-year residence requirement for Jewish applicants?
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What cost does a Jew face when obtaining the stamped form for application compared to others?
What cost does a Jew face when obtaining the stamped form for application compared to others?
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What is indicated about Article 7 regarding the status of Romanian Jews?
What is indicated about Article 7 regarding the status of Romanian Jews?
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What challenge is emphasized regarding the applicant's journey to obtain citizenship?
What challenge is emphasized regarding the applicant's journey to obtain citizenship?
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What did Dr. Bluntschli propose for the Roumanian Constitution regarding the treatment of Jews?
What did Dr. Bluntschli propose for the Roumanian Constitution regarding the treatment of Jews?
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How did the Roumanian Assembly respond to the needs of the Jewish population?
How did the Roumanian Assembly respond to the needs of the Jewish population?
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What was the principal concern of the English Government regarding the naturalization law for Jews?
What was the principal concern of the English Government regarding the naturalization law for Jews?
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Which article of the Berlin Treaty specifically addresses the rights of Jews in Roumania?
Which article of the Berlin Treaty specifically addresses the rights of Jews in Roumania?
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What characterized the conditions for naturalization proposed by the Roumanian Assembly?
What characterized the conditions for naturalization proposed by the Roumanian Assembly?
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What did the English Government specifically say about the proposed naturalization law?
What did the English Government specifically say about the proposed naturalization law?
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What did Dr. Bluntschli emphasize about the need for reform in Roumania?
What did Dr. Bluntschli emphasize about the need for reform in Roumania?
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What was the general sentiment towards the Roumanian government's approach to Jewish rights?
What was the general sentiment towards the Roumanian government's approach to Jewish rights?
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What is required for the petitioner's naturalization process in Roumania?
What is required for the petitioner's naturalization process in Roumania?
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How much does each separate proof required in the application process cost?
How much does each separate proof required in the application process cost?
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Since the amended Article 7 became part of the Roumanian Constitution in 1879, how many Jews were granted naturalisation by 1884?
Since the amended Article 7 became part of the Roumanian Constitution in 1879, how many Jews were granted naturalisation by 1884?
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According to the content, what prevents children of naturalised Jews from becoming Roumanians?
According to the content, what prevents children of naturalised Jews from becoming Roumanians?
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What has been largely evaded by Roumanians regarding naturalisation?
What has been largely evaded by Roumanians regarding naturalisation?
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What was the total number of Jewish subjects in Roumania roughly estimated at?
What was the total number of Jewish subjects in Roumania roughly estimated at?
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What new standing order was made by the Senate regarding naturalisation applications?
What new standing order was made by the Senate regarding naturalisation applications?
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What additional cost is associated with obtaining a certificate of naturalisation?
What additional cost is associated with obtaining a certificate of naturalisation?
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What challenge is primarily faced by Jews in Roumania regarding their profession?
What challenge is primarily faced by Jews in Roumania regarding their profession?
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What condition was imposed upon the acceptance of autonomy by Roumanians?
What condition was imposed upon the acceptance of autonomy by Roumanians?
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Why is it difficult for Jewish people to live in Roumania according to the passage?
Why is it difficult for Jewish people to live in Roumania according to the passage?
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What phrase indicates the exclusionary mindset of Roumanian politicians?
What phrase indicates the exclusionary mindset of Roumanian politicians?
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What major legal restriction is imposed on Jews regarding land ownership?
What major legal restriction is imposed on Jews regarding land ownership?
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What was the basis for the Senate's refusal of M. Reinstein's naturalisation application?
What was the basis for the Senate's refusal of M. Reinstein's naturalisation application?
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What has been the overall impact of Roumanian legislation on Jewish industries?
What has been the overall impact of Roumanian legislation on Jewish industries?
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Which statement best reflects the relationship between Roumanians and Jews regarding autonomy and rights?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between Roumanians and Jews regarding autonomy and rights?
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Study Notes
The Treaty of Berlin and Roumania
- Roumania's independence was recognized by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 under the condition that all Roumanian subjects, regardless of religious creed, would enjoy equal civil and political rights.
- Articles 43 and 44 of the Treaty stipulated that religious creed should not be a reason for exclusion or incapacity in matters of civil and political rights, public employment, or the exercise of professions.
- The Roumanian Assembly was tasked with amending the Roumanian Constitution to comply with these provisions.
- The Roumanian Constitution, before the amendment, stated that only foreigners of the Christian rite could obtain naturalisation.
Bluntschli's Opinion
- According to Professor Bluntschli, a prominent jurist in international law, Roumania should have:
- Deleted Article 7 from its Constitution.
- Included Article 44 of the Treaty of Berlin as a part of its Constitution.
- Repealed any laws that restricted the rights of Roumanian Jews.
Roumanian Response
- The Roumanian Assembly proposed a system of individual acts of naturalization for Jewish subjects, subject to stringent conditions and restrictions.
- The English government, in a dispatch by Lord Salisbury, strongly criticized this approach, stating it did not meet the requirements of the Treaty of Berlin.
The Amended Article 7 of the Roumanian Constitution
- Introduced a process of naturalization for Jews with several restrictive conditions:
- An unspecified amount of wealth was required.
- The applicant's calling and "usefulness" to society were not clearly defined, allowing for subjective interpretation.
- A ten-year residency after application was required, effectively delaying citizenship.
Consequences of the Amended Article 7
- The application process for naturalisation was made extremely difficult and expensive.
- Despite numerous applications, naturalization was only granted to a small number of people, mostly soldiers and members of wealthy families.
- Due to the restrictive nature of the process, the Roumanian government effectively evaded the obligations under the Treaty of Berlin.
The Social Impact of the Amended Article 7
- The lack of citizenship rights resulted in significant disabilities for Jewish subjects in Roumania.
- Jews were barred from almost all honourable professions, limiting their livelihood and opportunities.
- These disabilities made it difficult for Jews to live in Roumania and also prevented them from leaving the country without forfeiting their right to return.
Roumania's Intentions
- The Roumanian government showed an unwillingness to implement the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin fully.
- "Roumania for the Roumanians" appeared to be the driving principle behind Roumanian legislation, excluding Jewish subjects.
- The government implemented a system of legal limitations, including restrictions on land ownership and the practice of various professions, that prevented Jewish subjects from fully participating in society.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Treaty of Berlin and its impact on Roumania's independence in 1878. This quiz covers the key articles of the treaty, the implications for civil rights, and Professor Bluntschli's critiques regarding the Roumanian Constitution. Discover how historical treaties shaped civil liberties in Roumania.