Travel, Tourism, and Ritual in Cities

• The chapter discusses the relationship between travel, tourism, and the contemporary city, connecting them to ritual and earlier forms of ritual in urban spaces.
• Contemporary cities show a renaissance of a ritualized city life, seen as a restoration of practices evident in Roman and medieval times, later suppressed by Protestantism and the Victorian era.
• The carnivalesque and pilgrimage, though suppressed, were relegated to areas outside city centers, like rural sites and coastal regions, eventually re-entering city life under specific social conditions.
• Urban regeneration and spectacular forms are not solely the result of investment and policy but also stem from a cultural trajectory rooted in popular culture, ritual, and ludic forms.

Roman and Medieval Cities

• Roman and medieval cities integrated work, domestic life, ritual, and leisure.
• Leisure was structured around ritualized and seasonal festivals, religious calendars etc.
• Roman Canterbury featured a temple and theatre at the city's center, hosting performances, rituals, and festivals. Vespasian added a colosseum for Roman games.
• Medieval Canterbury had religious houses, a cathedral, monasteries, theatres, and inns for music and plays. It was a pilgrimage town with accommodations for visitors.
• Pilgrimage involved liminal spaces for individual transformation, infusing city life with a sense of community and magic, with unpredictable events.

Contemporary Cities

• Successful contemporary cities can recreate as spaces for exploration, personal transition, and growth.
• This is an evolution linked to "liquid modernity", generating cultural and ritualized energy.
• The city's transformation, with roots in the late 1960s, combines cultural, social, economic, and political elements.

Pilgrimage

• Cities have historically been ritual and religious centers, as well as places for transformation.
• Ritual-like activities facilitated communal and public experiences, similar to pilgrimage.
• Pilgrimage defined as journeys away from work and home to sacred sites, maintained by religions and kingdoms.
• Pilgrimages served as spiritual mode for people, represented by journeys to sacred sites and shrines to saints, the Virgin Mary etc.
• Pilgrimages offer alternative mundane world, chance to get away from trivia, and release from home.
• The trials of the journey had offer chance to leave profane, and offered salvation.
• The pilgrim is exposed to religious symbols, buildings, images, and topography, helping them receive a coherence, direction, and meaning.
• Pilgrimages often involved play, socialising, games, drinking, and merry-making, making them more attractive.

The Banishing of pilgrimage

• Pilgrimage was banished in Protestant countries due to devotional use of idols/images and concern distraction business of prayer, work etc.
• "Tourism" and "leisure" emerged as replacements of Pilgrimage in 17th-19th centuries.
• Religious revivals of nonconformist preachers occurred outside established churches, emphasizing marginality/ potenty.
• Touring groups to such gatherings gave people effects collective journey, and pleasure of "trains".
• Thomas Cook organized tours to sacred sites/events while maintaining ritual form like a church or the Romantic Lake district.
• Tourism mimics pilgrimage (and vice versa), which performs novel rituals to secure personal and group transition.
• Pleasure peripheries, like tourism, lost spatial differentiation.
• Spatial escape becomes illusion when the economy becomes open to leisure.
• Seaside tourism saw the reassertion of pleasurability/transition rituals with new universality.
• Development of leisure were made possible, and urban leisure existed due to a desire for it.

Modern Society

• Contemporary consumer society embodies aims/desires celebrities, a phenomenon and deserves attention.
• People find interest in celebrity images, homes, graves etc. which become urban sacred sites of modern tourist pilgrimage.
• Popular culture of the type created by Elvis etc is a recomposition of carnivalesque.
• Popular culture explores margins/challenges fate/history, challenging defenders of the rational.
• Modern cities in the 1970s restored repressed aspects from capitalism, now vital for contemporary cities.

Protestantism and City life

• Protestantism curtailed city pleasures, objecting to risqué plays, fact that boys played characters of women etc.
• Theatre ended in 1642, reopened 1660 during the monarchy.
• Protestantism manifested in the industrial capitalism of the 18th-19th centuries.
• Major companies (e.g Wills) impacted traditional city leisure as well as the kind of life offered.
• They undermined alcohol drinking and public houses.
• Rich lives such as bull/rat baiting were supressed, gambling, horse racing.
• Major industrial families gave their workers new approved leisures through employee only activities.
• Influence of Anglican church/ sects was in control as time progressed, and the population life was organised around new control.
• Traditional sports life was banned.
• Revels tradition was eliminated/ruptured due to this.

Carnival

• Carnival (festa, fêtes etc.) refer to very specific forms of celebrating holy days, particularly saints' days.
• There also Aboriginal songlines which describe places of emergence of fore-fathers.
• The saint journeys and their presence were believed to hold significance, relics continue. Trade occurred in their name.
• Overlap found with carnival/pilgrimage.
• Carnival was restricted to congregation around particular locality
• Carnival comprised forms which sharply opposed political forms. It spectacle were people are active etc.
• The carnival was spectacle for local culture.
• Carnival had liminoid traits.
• It began procession which head objects etc.
• Inversion of practices occurred e.g heightened drinking.
• Characteristically language used was of market style that did not use norms.
• The invocation of body occurred with gestures or objects.
• It contained migratory side shows.
• Rural communities were urbanized by the 19th, supporting past traditions, however was gradually terminated.

Evolution of culture and leisure

• Rural festivals were closed as travellers stopped coming and confined themselves to Europe due to intolerance.
• Leisure geography differentiated with focus for Aristocracy and mercantile classes.
• Building centers built (Bath Spa) to be increasingly urbanized and still seasonal.
• Seaside became place where carnival could shift due to semi-permanent assembly.

Reason

• Reason not merely be logical (sequence of info), but sudden.
• In sum, the carnival was (anti ritual or ritual) to renew collective social life in premarket space.
• Underlined social contract. All powers are to earth.
• This notion the collectivity was embodying as in odds.

Emergence of Soccer

• Althouses became of clubs.
• Franklin shows how class developed angling.
• Organization Soccer and governing.
• City clubs formed modern soccer.

Jazz

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