Trauma and Head Injuries Quiz

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30° head up position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mannitol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-concussion syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decompressive craniectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulloblastoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a very poor prognosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe head injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is typically crescent-shaped. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytic tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffuse axonal injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent secondary brain injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear pleomorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clear consciousness for a period following injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximal safe resection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elderly individuals on anticoagulants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glioblastoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ABC assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection is a common complication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced oxygen supply to brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged unconsciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vestibular schwannoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 per 100,000 per year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>449,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulloblastoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ependymoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very poor, with low survival rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To achieve cerebral vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylactic AEDs show benefit beyond one week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a clot or tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylactic administration of anticoagulants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decompressive craniectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximal safe resection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear pleomorphism is a pathological feature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the extent of resection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vestibular schwannomas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glioblastoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shortness of breath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation and/or focused radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of minor trauma is often present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytic tumor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conservative management is the primary approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of significant head trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may present with a lucid interval after the injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extradural hematoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herniation syndromes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated frequently with vascular injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results in specific, localized areas of damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30-90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High morbidity and mortality rates associated with head injuries, with significant numbers of emergency department visits (UK) and fatalities (under 45).

The content mentions different types of head injuries, but specific details are not provided.

A concept related to head injury, explained in relation to head injuries.

Different types of brain bleeding, related to head injuries and significant factor in prognosis.

Assessment tool used in evaluating the level of consciousness in a brain injured patient.

Damage to the brain that occurs at the time of a head injury.

Damage to the brain after the initial injury, often due to systemic or intracranial factors.

A collection of blood outside the dura mater, often caused by blunt trauma.

A collection of blood beneath the dura mater, often from a venous tear, occurring soon after injury.

A collection of blood beneath the dura mater, occurring days or weeks after a minor trauma.

Bleeding inside the brain tissue, often associated with contusions or DAI.

Damage to nerve fibers throughout the brain, often associated with loss of consciousness.

A scoring system used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with head injury.

The principle that the volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood within the skull is constant.

Increased pressure inside the skull caused by various factors (e.g., swelling, bleeding).

Brain tumours can be categorized based on cell type, location, and grade. Common types include gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas.

The development of brain tumours often involves genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and formation of a mass.

Symptoms of a brain tumour depend on its location and size, and can include headaches, seizures, vision problems, and neurological deficits.

Treatment options for brain tumours include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the approach tailored to tumour type and stage.

A risk after head injury, occurring within a week or months later. Factors like severe amnesia, hematoma, and skull fracture increase the likelihood.

Lung cancer is the most common source of brain metastases in adults, accounting for over 40% of cases.

Glial tumors are the second most common childhood tumor, representing 19% of cases.

Cerebellar astrocytoma is the most common brain tumor in children, usually benign and slow growing.

Medulloblastoma is one of the most common brain tumors in children, arising from the cerebellar vermis.

Awake craniotomy allows surgeons to operate on eloquent areas of the brain while the patient is awake, allowing for real-time feedback and minimizing damage to vital functions.

Brain tumors can be either primary, originating within the brain, or secondary, arising from metastasis elsewhere. Primary brain tumors can be further classified into types like gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.

Intracranial tumors are located within the skull, while extracranial tumors are outside. Intracranial tumors can further be classified as intra-axial (within the brain tissue) or extra-axial (outside the brain tissue, but within the skull).

GBM is an aggressive type of astrocytoma, a brain tumor arising from glial cells. It's characterized by rapid growth, invasiveness, and a poor prognosis.

Meningiomas, tumors arising from the meninges, are primarily treated surgically. For residual or recurrent tumors, radiation therapy is often used.

A tumor affecting the eighth cranial nerve, responsible for hearing and balance. It often leads to progressive hearing loss and can be treated surgically or with radiosurgery.

Tumors of the pituitary gland, which can either have no function (non-functioning) or produce excess hormones (functioning). Treatment involves surgery, radiation, or medications.

Symptoms can include neurological deficits like weakness or numbness, headaches, seizures, and vision problems. Other signs may include vomiting, endocrine disturbances, and hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain).

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, neurological examination, and advanced imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans. Other investigations might include CSF cytology and functional imaging to determine tumor location and activity.

Trauma is the leading cause of death in individuals under 45 years old, with head injuries accounting for a significant portion of these deaths. This emphasizes the severity and impact of head trauma.

A significant percentage of patients with polytrauma (multiple injuries) also have a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This connection highlights the importance of recognizing and managing head injuries in patients with other injuries.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate a patient's level of consciousness by assessing eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The GCS score is a crucial indicator of the severity of brain injury.

Brain hemorrhages are classified into extradural hematoma, subdural hematoma (acute and chronic), and intracerebral hematoma. These different types of bleeding within the skull have distinct characteristics and implications for treatment.

The Monro-Kellie Doctrine states that the volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood within the skull is constant. This principle explains why increases in one component can lead to increased intracranial pressure.

Severe head injuries are the most common cause of death in children aged 1-15.

The damage to the brain that occurs at the time of the injury is called the primary brain injury.

The damage that occurs to the brain after the initial injury, often due to factors like hypoxia or swelling, is called the secondary brain injury.

An extradural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the dura mater, usually caused by a tear in the middle meningeal artery.

An acute subdural hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the dura mater, usually caused by a venous tear or brain laceration.

A chronic subdural hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the dura mater that develops days or weeks after a minor trauma.

An intracerebral hematoma is bleeding inside the brain tissue, often associated with contusions or diffuse axonal injury.

Diffuse axonal injury is damage to nerve fibers throughout the brain, often associated with loss of consciousness.

Consequences of raised ICP include herniation syndromes, reduced cerebral perfusion, and brain swelling.

Awake craniotomy allows surgeons to operate on eloquent areas of the brain while the patient is awake, allowing for real-time feedback and minimizing damage to vital functions.

Primary brain tumors originate within the brain, while secondary brain tumors arise from metastasis elsewhere.

Cancer cells from another part of the body spreading to the brain.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of brain metastases in adults, accounting for over 40% of cases.

The most common types of brain tumors in children include cerebellar astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma.

A fast-growing brain tumor in children, originating in the cerebellum, that can spread through the cerebrospinal fluid.

A surgery performed while the patient is awake, allowing surgeons to map and avoid damage to vital brain areas.

Brain tumors can be inside the skull (intracranial) or outside (extracranial). Intracranial tumors can be inside the brain tissue (intra-axial) or outside it, but still within the skull (extra-axial).

Astrocytoma and GBM are both brain tumors arising from glial cells called astrocytes. GBM is a more aggressive version of Astrocytoma, with a faster growth rate and poorer prognosis.

Meningioma is a tumor arising from the protective membranes surrounding the brain. It's usually slow-growing and often treated surgically.

This is a tumor affecting the eighth cranial nerve (vestibular nerve) which controls balance and hearing. It can cause hearing loss and is treated surgically or with radiation.

These are tumors of the pituitary gland, a small gland in the brain that controls hormones. They can affect hormone production and cause various symptoms.

Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, vision problems, weakness, numbness, and changes in speech, personality or behavior.

A medical history, neurological examination, and imaging tests like CT scans and MRI are used. Other tests like CSF cytology (checking for tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid) and functional imaging are also performed.