Trauma and Head Injuries Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of deaths from major trauma are attributed to head injuries?

  • 70%
  • 25%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 30%

What is the leading cause of death for individuals under the age of 45?

  • Trauma (correct)
  • Cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke

What is the approximate annual number of deaths due to head injuries in the Republic of Ireland?

  • 700
  • 600
  • 450 (correct)
  • 200

What is the morbidity rate for inpatient adults suffering from head injuries?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with severe polytrauma experience traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key components of medical management for patients with impaired consciousness?

<p>30° head up position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically utilized for managing intracranial pressure?

<p>Mannitol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized long-term sequela of traumatic brain injury?

<p>Post-concussion syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of anesthetic management in patients with impaired consciousness?

<p>Intravenous fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical procedure may be performed to remove causative pathology in a patient with elevated intracranial pressure?

<p>Decompressive craniectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pediatric brain tumor is the most common and typically benign?

<p>Astrocytoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of brain metastases in adults?

<p>Lung cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pediatric tumor is characterized by its ability to seed along CSF pathways?

<p>Medulloblastoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true about diffuse brain stem tumors?

<p>They have a very poor prognosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pediatric gliomas, which type has a higher prevalence?

<p>Astrocytoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in the age group 1-15?

<p>Severe head injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of acute subdural hematoma?

<p>It is typically crescent-shaped. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain tumor is most common in adults?

<p>Astrocytic tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain injury accounts for 35% of all fatal head injuries?

<p>Diffuse axonal injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred imaging technique for diagnosing brain tumors?

<p>MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of management in traumatic brain injury?

<p>Prevent secondary brain injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes glioblastoma pathology?

<p>Nuclear pleomorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lucidity described in the context of extradural hematoma?

<p>Clear consciousness for a period following injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is typically associated with meningiomas?

<p>Maximal safe resection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most at risk for chronic subdural hematoma?

<p>Elderly individuals on anticoagulants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of tumor is the STUPP protocol relevant?

<p>Glioblastoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial assessment protocol for traumatic brain injury?

<p>ABC assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding penetrating cranial injuries?

<p>Infection is a common complication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical presentation of increased intracranial pressure?

<p>Seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key treatment option for non-functioning pituitary adenomas?

<p>Surgical intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can raised intracranial pressure lead to?

<p>Reduced oxygen supply to brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with diffuse axonal injury?

<p>Prolonged unconsciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain tumor arises from Schwann cells?

<p>Vestibular schwannoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with severe polytrauma are affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statistics reflects the mortality rate associated with head injuries in the Republic of Ireland?

<p>10 per 100,000 per year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of inpatient adults experience morbidity as a result of head injuries?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people per year in the UK attend Emergency Departments due to head injuries?

<p>449,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among major trauma deaths, what is the percentage attributed specifically to head injuries?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pediatric brain tumor is characterized by its high malignancy and ability to spread along CSF pathways?

<p>Medulloblastoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of brain tumor in childhood?

<p>Astrocytoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sources accounts for over 40% of brain metastases in adults?

<p>Lung cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor type arises from the lining of the ventricles or central canal of the spinal cord and is most common in children and young adults?

<p>Ependymoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of diffuse brain stem tumors, which infiltrate all layers of the brain stem?

<p>Very poor, with low survival rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hyperventilation in the anesthetic management of patients with impaired consciousness?

<p>To achieve cerebral vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about post-traumatic epilepsy is incorrect?

<p>Prophylactic AEDs show benefit beyond one week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor in deciding surgical intervention for intracranial pressure management?

<p>Presence of a clot or tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management technique is not typically employed in the long-term management of patients with traumatic brain injuries?

<p>Prophylactic administration of anticoagulants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure is intended for the evacuation of hematomas in cases of elevated intracranial pressure?

<p>Decompressive craniectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical first line of treatment for meningiomas?

<p>Maximal safe resection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes glioblastoma?

<p>Nuclear pleomorphism is a pathological feature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of postoperative imaging in the treatment of high-grade astrocytomas?

<p>To assess the extent of resection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain tumor is most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)?

<p>Vestibular schwannomas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is the STUPP protocol primarily indicated?

<p>Glioblastoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical presentation of brain tumors?

<p>Shortness of breath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is often used for recurring or residual meningiomas?

<p>Radiation and/or focused radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark feature of chronic subdural hematoma?

<p>History of minor trauma is often present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary brain tumor has the highest incidence rate among adults?

<p>Astrocytic tumor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the management of diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

<p>Conservative management is the primary approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor is NOT associated with chronic subdural hematoma?

<p>History of significant head trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the presentation of an extradural hematoma?

<p>It may present with a lucid interval after the injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain injury is predominantly caused by blunt trauma and often involves a linear skull fracture?

<p>Extradural hematoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication can arise from increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

<p>Herniation syndromes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of intracerebral hematoma?

<p>Associated frequently with vascular injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines focal brain injury?

<p>Results in specific, localized areas of damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mortality rate associated with acute subdural hematoma?

<p>30-90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to preventing secondary brain injury in traumatic brain injury management?

<p>Maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Head injury statistics

High morbidity and mortality rates associated with head injuries, with significant numbers of emergency department visits (UK) and fatalities (under 45).

Head injury types

The content mentions different types of head injuries, but specific details are not provided.

Raised intracranial pressure

A concept related to head injury, explained in relation to head injuries.

Brain hemorrhages

Different types of brain bleeding, related to head injuries and significant factor in prognosis.

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GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)

Assessment tool used in evaluating the level of consciousness in a brain injured patient.

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Primary Brain Injury

Damage to the brain that occurs at the time of a head injury.

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Secondary Brain Injury

Damage to the brain after the initial injury, often due to systemic or intracranial factors.

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Extra-dural Haematoma

A collection of blood outside the dura mater, often caused by blunt trauma.

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Acute Subdural Haematoma

A collection of blood beneath the dura mater, often from a venous tear, occurring soon after injury.

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Chronic Subdural Haematoma

A collection of blood beneath the dura mater, occurring days or weeks after a minor trauma.

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Intracerebral Haematoma

Bleeding inside the brain tissue, often associated with contusions or DAI.

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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Damage to nerve fibers throughout the brain, often associated with loss of consciousness.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A scoring system used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with head injury.

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Monro-Kellie Doctrine

The principle that the volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood within the skull is constant.

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Raised ICP

Increased pressure inside the skull caused by various factors (e.g., swelling, bleeding).

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Brain Tumour Classification

Brain tumours can be categorized based on cell type, location, and grade. Common types include gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas.

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Brain Tumour Pathogenesis

The development of brain tumours often involves genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and formation of a mass.

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Brain Tumour Clinical Picture

Symptoms of a brain tumour depend on its location and size, and can include headaches, seizures, vision problems, and neurological deficits.

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Brain Tumour Treatment

Treatment options for brain tumours include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the approach tailored to tumour type and stage.

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Post-traumatic Epilepsy

A risk after head injury, occurring within a week or months later. Factors like severe amnesia, hematoma, and skull fracture increase the likelihood.

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What is the most common source of brain metastasis in adults?

Lung cancer is the most common source of brain metastases in adults, accounting for over 40% of cases.

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What is the second most common childhood tumor?

Glial tumors are the second most common childhood tumor, representing 19% of cases.

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What kind of tumor is most common in childhood?

Cerebellar astrocytoma is the most common brain tumor in children, usually benign and slow growing.

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What is the most common brain tumor in children?

Medulloblastoma is one of the most common brain tumors in children, arising from the cerebellar vermis.

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What is the difference between an awake craniotomy and a traditional craniotomy?

Awake craniotomy allows surgeons to operate on eloquent areas of the brain while the patient is awake, allowing for real-time feedback and minimizing damage to vital functions.

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Brain Tumor Types

Brain tumors can be either primary, originating within the brain, or secondary, arising from metastasis elsewhere. Primary brain tumors can be further classified into types like gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.

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Intracranial vs. Extracranial

Intracranial tumors are located within the skull, while extracranial tumors are outside. Intracranial tumors can further be classified as intra-axial (within the brain tissue) or extra-axial (outside the brain tissue, but within the skull).

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Glioblastoma (GBM)

GBM is an aggressive type of astrocytoma, a brain tumor arising from glial cells. It's characterized by rapid growth, invasiveness, and a poor prognosis.

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Meningioma Treatment

Meningiomas, tumors arising from the meninges, are primarily treated surgically. For residual or recurrent tumors, radiation therapy is often used.

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Vestibular Schwannoma

A tumor affecting the eighth cranial nerve, responsible for hearing and balance. It often leads to progressive hearing loss and can be treated surgically or with radiosurgery.

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Pituitary Adenomas

Tumors of the pituitary gland, which can either have no function (non-functioning) or produce excess hormones (functioning). Treatment involves surgery, radiation, or medications.

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Brain Tumor Symptoms

Symptoms can include neurological deficits like weakness or numbness, headaches, seizures, and vision problems. Other signs may include vomiting, endocrine disturbances, and hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain).

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Brain Tumor Investigations

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, neurological examination, and advanced imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans. Other investigations might include CSF cytology and functional imaging to determine tumor location and activity.

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What is the leading cause of death under 45?

Trauma is the leading cause of death in individuals under 45 years old, with head injuries accounting for a significant portion of these deaths. This emphasizes the severity and impact of head trauma.

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What is the relationship between polytrauma and TBI?

A significant percentage of patients with polytrauma (multiple injuries) also have a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This connection highlights the importance of recognizing and managing head injuries in patients with other injuries.

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What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate a patient's level of consciousness by assessing eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The GCS score is a crucial indicator of the severity of brain injury.

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What are the main types of brain hemorrhages?

Brain hemorrhages are classified into extradural hematoma, subdural hematoma (acute and chronic), and intracerebral hematoma. These different types of bleeding within the skull have distinct characteristics and implications for treatment.

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What is the Monro-Kellie Doctrine?

The Monro-Kellie Doctrine states that the volume of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood within the skull is constant. This principle explains why increases in one component can lead to increased intracranial pressure.

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What is the most common cause of death in children aged 1-15?

Severe head injuries are the most common cause of death in children aged 1-15.

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What is the primary brain injury?

The damage to the brain that occurs at the time of the injury is called the primary brain injury.

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What is a secondary brain injury?

The damage that occurs to the brain after the initial injury, often due to factors like hypoxia or swelling, is called the secondary brain injury.

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What is an extradural hematoma?

An extradural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the dura mater, usually caused by a tear in the middle meningeal artery.

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What is an acute subdural hematoma?

An acute subdural hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the dura mater, usually caused by a venous tear or brain laceration.

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What is a chronic subdural hematoma?

A chronic subdural hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the dura mater that develops days or weeks after a minor trauma.

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What is an intracerebral hematoma?

An intracerebral hematoma is bleeding inside the brain tissue, often associated with contusions or diffuse axonal injury.

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What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

Diffuse axonal injury is damage to nerve fibers throughout the brain, often associated with loss of consciousness.

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What are the consequences of raised intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Consequences of raised ICP include herniation syndromes, reduced cerebral perfusion, and brain swelling.

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Define an awake craniotomy.

Awake craniotomy allows surgeons to operate on eloquent areas of the brain while the patient is awake, allowing for real-time feedback and minimizing damage to vital functions.

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What is the difference between a primary and secondary brain tumor?

Primary brain tumors originate within the brain, while secondary brain tumors arise from metastasis elsewhere.

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Brain Metastasis

Cancer cells from another part of the body spreading to the brain.

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Most Common Brain Mets Source

Lung cancer is the leading cause of brain metastases in adults, accounting for over 40% of cases.

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Childhood Brain Tumor Types

The most common types of brain tumors in children include cerebellar astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma.

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Medulloblastoma

A fast-growing brain tumor in children, originating in the cerebellum, that can spread through the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Awake Craniotomy

A surgery performed while the patient is awake, allowing surgeons to map and avoid damage to vital brain areas.

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What are the categories of brain tumors based on location?

Brain tumors can be inside the skull (intracranial) or outside (extracranial). Intracranial tumors can be inside the brain tissue (intra-axial) or outside it, but still within the skull (extra-axial).

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What's the difference between Astrocytoma and GBM?

Astrocytoma and GBM are both brain tumors arising from glial cells called astrocytes. GBM is a more aggressive version of Astrocytoma, with a faster growth rate and poorer prognosis.

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What's the most common non-cancerous brain tumor?

Meningioma is a tumor arising from the protective membranes surrounding the brain. It's usually slow-growing and often treated surgically.

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What is a Vestibular Schwannoma?

This is a tumor affecting the eighth cranial nerve (vestibular nerve) which controls balance and hearing. It can cause hearing loss and is treated surgically or with radiation.

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What are Pituitary Adenomas?

These are tumors of the pituitary gland, a small gland in the brain that controls hormones. They can affect hormone production and cause various symptoms.

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What are some signs of a brain tumor?

Symptoms can include headaches, seizures, vision problems, weakness, numbness, and changes in speech, personality or behavior.

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What are the investigations used to diagnose a brain tumor?

A medical history, neurological examination, and imaging tests like CT scans and MRI are used. Other tests like CSF cytology (checking for tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid) and functional imaging are also performed.

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Study Notes

Head Injuries & Cerebral Neoplasm

  • Learning Objectives: Describe types of head injuries, understand intracranial pressure, recognize brain hemorrhages, assess brain injured patients (including GCS), describe medical/surgical management options, and discuss brain tumors.
  • Head Injury Statistics: 449,000 UK Emergency Department attendances per year. Trauma is the leading cause of death under 45, with head injuries accounting for up to 50% of these deaths. 70% of patients with severe polytrauma have TBI. High morbidity & mortality - 50% of inpatient adults have morbidity from HI.
  • Head Injury Epidemiology: Falls account for 28% of cases. Motor vehicle traffic is 20%. Struck by/against incidents are 19%. Assault accounts for 11% of incidents. Pedal cycle incidents comprise 3%. Other transportation 2%. Suicide 1%. Unknown 9%. Other incidents 7%.

Primary Brain Injury

  • Damage at Time of Injury: The presentation describes different types of primary brain injury, including types of blood loss, scalp laceration, foreign body, linear fractures, and depressed fractures in relation to injury location. It also details intracranial hemorrhage (intra-cerebral hemorrhage, acute subdural hematoma, chronic subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma) and diffuse axonal injury.

Scalp, Skull & Perforating Cranial Injuries

  • These sections detail the location, type, and characteristics of injury to the scalp, skull, and perforating cranial injuries, often visually illustrated with CT scans or medical images. Illustrations aid the understanding of the location of injury.

Focal Brain Injuries

  • This section presents images and discussion about focal brain injuries, typically evidenced by CT scan findings indicative of injury location and extent.

Monro-Kellie Doctrine & Raised ICP

  • The Monro-Kellie doctrine explains the relationship between intracranial pressure and the three components (blood, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid). Images and descriptions aid understanding.
  • Consequences of Raised ICP: Herniation syndromes, reduced cerebral perfusion are presented as results of raised ICP.

Secondary Brain Injury

  • Systemic: Hypoxia, hypotension, hypercapnia, hyperthermia, and poor glycemic control are presented as systemic contributors to secondary brain injury.
  • Intracranial: Brain swelling, brain shift & herniation, raised ICP, post-traumatic seizure, and intracranial infection as intracranial contributors associated with secondary brain injury.

Specific Hematoma Types

  • Extradural Hematoma: Typically associated with blunt trauma, often temporal location, middle meningeal artery tear, lucid interval, and emergency craniotomy treatment.
  • Acute Subdural Hematoma: Venous tear/brain laceration, covers the entire cerebral surface, crescent shape, associated parenchymal injury, morbidity/mortality from underlying brain injury, 30-90% mortality rate, and emergency craniotomy treatment.
  • Chronic Subdural Hematoma: History of minor trauma, risk factors such as age, gender, anticoagulants, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, or alcoholism, early burr hole drainage treatment for raised ICP or lateralizing signs.
  • Intracerebral Hematoma: 15% of fatal head injuries with associated contusions, diffuse axonal injury, subdural hematoma, usually conservative treatment but evacuation for raised ICP or marked midline shift.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

  • Account for 35% of fatal head injuries, presenting usually with prolonged unconsciousness without obvious mass lesion, petechial hemorrhage, effaced basal cisterns, compressed ventricles, loss of grey/white differentiation, and conservative or decompression craniectomy management.

Penetrating Injuries

  • These are frequently associated with vascular injuries, infections, and are universally fatal if crossing the midline. Wound debridement, removal of foreign bodies, and angiography are common management approaches.
  • Assessment: ABC assessment (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) which considers associated c-spine injuries (5-10% of cases), early anesthetic involvement, and rapid transfer to a neurosurgical unit (NSU).

Glasgow Coma Scale

  • Presents the evaluation tool with criteria for eye, verbal, and motor responses (with scores).

Medical Management

  • Head position elevated 30 degrees, Mannitol, anti-epileptics, hypertonic saline, and ICP monitoring are included in medical approach.

Anesthetic Management

  • Treatments including paralysis, sedation, analgesia, hyperventilation (lower CO2), and hypothermia are commonly used in the anesthetic management of patients.

Surgical Management

  • Intercranial pressure monitoring during surgical treatment is detailed. Includes evacuation of hematoma via craniotomy—visual examples of this procedure are presented throughout the notes.

Craniotomy - Hematoma Evacuation

  • Procedures for the removal of hematoma via craniotomy are visually illustrated.

Long-Term Sequelae

  • Examples provided of potential long-term effects: post-traumatic epilepsy, and post-concussion syndrome (behavioural change, headache, dizziness, mood swings, irritability, memory loss) are included.

Brain Tumors:

  • Learning Objectives: classification, pathogenesis, treatment (surgical vs nonsurgical), basic cerebral anatomy, intracranial and extracranial locations, and clinical presentation
  • Clinical Presentation: Progressive neurological deficit, symptoms of raised ICP (early morning headaches, vomiting), seizures, hydrocephalus, hemorrhages, endocrine disturbance, and asymptomatic presentations are included in the discussion of clinical presentation of brain tumors.

Brain Tumors (Types & Characteristics)

  • The presentation provides an overview of common adult primary brain tumors from different origins, including glial tumors (Astrocytic, Oligodendroglial, Mixed), Meningioma, Pituitary/Pineal/Nerve Sheath, and diverse rarer tumors.
  • GlioBlastoma: Peak age 45-60, 50% of astrocytomas, 20% of primary brain tumors. The presentation describes the histology (nuclear pleomorphism, high mitotic count, necrosis). Treatment includes maximal safe resection, histopathological diagnoses, postoperative scans, and postoperative radiotherapy (STUPP protocol).
  • Low-Grade Astrocytoma: 15% of astrocytomas, peak age 30, transformation to higher grades described. Gross resection and radiotherapy are shown to have 70% survival rates.
  • Meningioma: Extra-axial origin, arising from arachnoid cap cells. Primarily a surgical disease, with classification primarily through location and treatment focused on radiation for residual or recurrent tumors. Images support this section.
  • Vesticular Schwannoma: Arising from the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII, characterized by progressive hearing loss, and bilateral in neurofibromatosis type 2. Treatment choices including surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery with observation are highlighted.
  • Pituitary Adenomas: Differentiates functioning and non-functioning tumors and describes symptoms, treatment with drugs, surgery, or radiation.
  • Primary CNS Lymphoma: Increased incidence in immunocompromised patients (AIDS, organ transplant). Diagnosis and treatment is through biopsy and chemotherapy.

Brain Tumors (Sources of Brain Mets in Adults)

  • Lung cancer, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, melanoma and undetermined causes are listed as significant sources of brain metastases in adults.

Pediatric Brain Tumors

  • Gliomas: Second most common childhood brain cancers (19%, excluding leukemia), primarily astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and ependyomas.
  • Cerebellar Astrocytoma: Most prevalent childhood brain tumor, typically benign, slow-growing, with a 90% cure rate and making up 30% of posterior fossa tumors in children.
  • Medulloblastoma: Arise from the cerebellar vermis, are highly malignant, seed along CSF pathways, and often metastasize to the spinal axis.
  • Ependymoma: Originate from cells lining the ventricles or central canal of the spinal cord. Most common in children and young adults.

Diffuse Brainstem Tumor

  • Malignant, poor prognosis, brain stem swelling and infiltration of all layers, causes cerebellar dysfunction, cranial nerve palsies, and paresis.

Operative Considerations

  • This section describes various operative approaches focusing on precise anatomical locations of potential resection areas (orbit, zygoma, petrosal, retrosigmoid, supracerebellar-infratentorial, suboccipital, subtemporal, far lateral).
  • Techniques are illustrated.

Neuroimaging and Operative Procedures

  • Illustrations with descriptions for awake craniotomy, enhanced imaging, navigation, and various microscopic views support this section.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the prevalence and management of head injuries. This quiz covers key statistics, treatment protocols, and complications associated with traumatic brain injuries. Ideal for medical students and professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of major trauma.

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