Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a key regulatory and control mechanism in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT a key regulatory and control mechanism in the human body?
- Cellular signaling (correct)
- Gene expression
- Differentiation
- Metabolism
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
- Induce signal transduction (correct)
- Directly regulate gene expression
- Remove signals
- Synthesize signaling molecules
Which type of signaling utilizes intracellular receptors to directly regulate gene expression?
Which type of signaling utilizes intracellular receptors to directly regulate gene expression?
- Autocrine signaling
- Paracrine signaling
- Juxtacrine signaling
- Endocrine signaling (correct)
Which of the following is a symptom of whooping cough?
Which of the following is a symptom of whooping cough?
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
Which enzyme is responsible for continuous cAMP production in whooping cough?
Which enzyme is responsible for continuous cAMP production in whooping cough?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
What is the 1st detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
What is the 1st detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
What is the role of mutated RTKs in cancer?
What is the role of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Which type of G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which type of G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of signal transduction pathways mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of signal transduction pathways mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a function of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a function of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Which signaling pathway is associated with Ras mutations and Raf mutations?
Which signaling pathway is associated with Ras mutations and Raf mutations?
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a way to name signal transduction pathways?
Which of the following is NOT a way to name signal transduction pathways?
Which of the following is a pharmacological target of atropine?
Which of the following is a pharmacological target of atropine?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cAMP to 5'-AMP?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cAMP to 5'-AMP?
Which of the following is NOT a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT a tissue type that shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which of the following is NOT a tissue type that shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Fas (CD95, APO-1) receptor?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Fas (CD95, APO-1) receptor?
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a function of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)?
Which of the following is a function of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαs and adenylyl cyclase?
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαs and adenylyl cyclase?
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαi and a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαi and a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab?
What is the main function of PI3K in the PI3K signaling pathway?
What is the main function of PI3K in the PI3K signaling pathway?
What is a characteristic of Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome)?
What is a characteristic of Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome)?
Which of the following is a feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Which of the following is a feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is the first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following is the first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
Which of the following is a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Which of the following is a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a clinical application mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a clinical application mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Which of the following is a characteristic of rhodopsin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of rhodopsin?
What is the main function of atropine?
What is the main function of atropine?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Which of the following is a clinical application of NO pathway pharmacological targets?
Which of the following is a clinical application of NO pathway pharmacological targets?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Trastuzumab?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Trastuzumab?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Sirolimus (rapamycin)?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Sirolimus (rapamycin)?
Which of the following is a feature of Leprechaunism?
Which of the following is a feature of Leprechaunism?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Epoetin alfa?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Epoetin alfa?
Which of the following is NOT a major topic discussed in the video?
Which of the following is NOT a major topic discussed in the video?
What is the role of the second messenger system in the human body?
What is the role of the second messenger system in the human body?
Which of the following is a reason why understanding signal transduction is important?
Which of the following is a reason why understanding signal transduction is important?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the video?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the video?
What is the major topic discussed in the video?
What is the major topic discussed in the video?
Which of the following is NOT a type of communication mentioned in the video?
Which of the following is NOT a type of communication mentioned in the video?
Which system does the second messenger system have its hand in?
Which system does the second messenger system have its hand in?
Which of the following is a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the video?
Which of the following is a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the video?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Which of the following is NOT a function of G-protein coupled receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a function of G-protein coupled receptors?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the phospholipase C signaling pathway?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the phospholipase C signaling pathway?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a major class of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a major class of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab (Herceptin)?
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab (Herceptin)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the MAP kinase cascade?
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the MAP kinase cascade?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Study Notes
Signal Transduction Pathways in Medicine
- G-protein coupled receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane and have a seven transmembrane domain.
- G-protein coupled receptors are associated with a heterotrimeric G protein consisting of gamma, alpha, and beta subunits.
- When a signal binds to the receptor, the alpha subunit of the G protein undergoes a conformational change and converts GDP to GTP, becoming active.
- The active alpha subunit can either stimulate adenylyl cyclase (G sub s) or inhibit adenylyl cyclase (G sub i).
- Activation of adenylyl cyclase leads to the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which activates protein kinase A (PKA).
- Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase prevents the conversion of ATP to cAMP and the activation of PKA.
- The alpha subunit of the G protein can also work through a different system, stimulating phospholipase C (G sub q).
- Phospholipase C activates the conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
- IP3 causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
- G-protein coupled receptors control the endocrine hormones FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, HCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon, and histamine.
- Receptor tyrosine kinases are the largest class of signal transductors and have inherent enzyme activity.
- Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo dimerization and cross-phosphorylation, leading to the activation of downstream kinases in the MAP kinase cascade.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the clinical application of Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat HER2-dependent cancers. Learn about the role of RTKs and the RasMAPK pathway in cancer development. Explore the impact of Ras and Raf mutations on protein function.
