135 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a key regulatory and control mechanism in the human body?
Cellular signaling
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
Induce signal transduction
Which type of signaling utilizes intracellular receptors to directly regulate gene expression?
Endocrine signaling
Which of the following is a symptom of whooping cough?
Severe coughing attacks
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
Which enzyme is responsible for continuous cAMP production in whooping cough?
Pertussis toxin
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Vascular smooth muscle
Which receptor possesses intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity?
Activated receptor
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Decreased appetite
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
Inability to see well at night
What is the 1st detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Activation of cAMP/cGMP PDEs
What is the role of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Activate pro-cellular proliferation signals
Which type of G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Gαs
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Gαq
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Gαi
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Gαt
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Receptor serine/threonine kinase
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of signal transduction pathways mentioned in the text?
Utilization of intracellular proteins called nuclear factor kappa B
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Protein Kinases & Protein Phosphatases
Which of the following is NOT a function of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
Activating cAMP pathway
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
JAK/STAT signaling
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Unregulated PI3K signaling
Which signaling pathway is associated with Ras mutations and Raf mutations?
Ras/MAPK signaling
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
It binds and neutralizes HER2
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Autocrine signaling
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
They induce signal transduction
Which of the following is NOT a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a way to name signal transduction pathways?
Based on cell type
Which of the following is a pharmacological target of atropine?
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs)
Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?
Gβγ subunit
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Vascular smooth muscle
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cAMP to 5'-AMP?
cAMP phosphodiesterase
Which of the following is NOT a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
cGMP phosphodiesterase
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the text?
Diabetes
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Muscle spasms
Which of the following is NOT a tissue type that shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Heart
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Inhibition of downstream signaling pathways
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Inability to see well at night or in areas with poor lighting
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Gαq
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
cGMP
Which of the following is a characteristic of effector specificity mentioned in the text?
Specific receptor-ligand interactions cause specific cellular responses
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Inhibition of gene expression
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
To bind ligands and initiate signal transduction
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
JAK/STAT pathway
What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?
It neutralizes HER2 receptor
What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Unregulated PI3K signaling
What bacterium causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
Which of the following is a characteristic of Fas (CD95, APO-1) receptor?
It induces homotrimerization of Fas in the membrane of target cell
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
It ultimately leads to vasodilation, increased renal Na+ excretion, and inhibition of renin/aldosterone secretion
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
It deactivates key proteins like STAT3
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Death receptor
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
It induces homotrimerization of Fas in the membrane of signaling cell
Which of the following is a function of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)?
It possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Endocrine signaling
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
They induce signal transduction
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?
Phospholipase C
What is the main function of cell surface receptors?
To respond to ligands via a receptor
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Treatment of cardiorespiratory disorders
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Gαs
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Skeletal Muscle
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Intracellular Receptors
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Gαs
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Gαq
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαs and adenylyl cyclase?
β2-adrenoceptor
Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαi and a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels?
α2-adrenoceptor
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Receptor serine/threonine kinase
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
They have 1 transmembrane domain
Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Decreased night vision
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab?
Treatment of HER2-dependent cancers
What is the main function of PI3K in the PI3K signaling pathway?
To phosphorylate PIP2 to form PIP3
What is a characteristic of Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome)?
Severe insulin-resistant diabetes
Which of the following is a feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?
Unregulated PI3K signaling
Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?
Inability to see well in areas with poor lighting
Which of the following is the first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Lack of adequate dietary vitamin A intake
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Induce pro-cellular proliferation signals in absence of their ligands
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Mediation of activity of many factors
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
NPR1
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Inhibition of renin/aldosterone secretion
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Induces homotrimerization of Fas
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?
Gαi
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Intracellular receptor
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Regulation of intracellular calcium levels
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?
Endocrine signaling
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?
They respond to extracellular signaling molecules
Which of the following is a step in cell surface receptor signaling?
Transduction
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Intracellular receptor
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Adenylyl cyclase
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
cGMP
Which of the following is a clinical application mentioned in the text?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Induction of apoptosis
Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?
Treatment of excessive salivation
Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?
Gαq
Which of the following is a characteristic of rhodopsin?
It is a GPCR expressed in the rod cells of the retina
What is the main function of atropine?
To treat cardiorespiratory disorders
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Receptor serine/threonine kinase
Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Activates caspase pathways
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?
cGMP
Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?
Regulates calcium signaling
Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?
Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)
What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?
Decreased firing of AgRP neurons
Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Ion channel receptor
Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?
Gαs
Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?
JAK/STAT pathway
Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?
Night blindness
Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin?
Binding to 4 Ca2+
Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?
Induce pro-cellular proliferation signals in absence of their ligands
Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Inability to respond to parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is a clinical application of NO pathway pharmacological targets?
Treatment of arterial pulmonary hypertension & erectile dysfunction
Which of the following is a characteristic of Trastuzumab?
It is a monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes HER2
Which of the following is a clinical application of Sirolimus (rapamycin)?
Prevention of kidney transplant rejection
Which of the following is a feature of Leprechaunism?
It is also known as Donohue syndrome
Which of the following is a clinical application of Epoetin alfa?
Therapy of amenia arising from kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, and zidovudine therapy
Which of the following is NOT a major topic discussed in the video?
Neurology
What is the role of the second messenger system in the human body?
Controls biochemistry
Which of the following is a reason why understanding signal transduction is important?
It controls biochemistry
Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the video?
Neurology
What is the major topic discussed in the video?
Signal transduction
Which of the following is NOT a type of communication mentioned in the video?
Psychological
Which system does the second messenger system have its hand in?
All of the above
Which of the following is a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the video?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?
Promotes cell survival
Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?
Muscle tissue
Which of the following is NOT a function of G-protein coupled receptors?
Activation of protein kinase A
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?
Signal binds to receptor, alpha subunit converts GDP to GTP, activation of adenylyl cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the phospholipase C signaling pathway?
Signal binds to receptor, activation of phospholipase C, conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?
GTP
Which of the following is NOT a major class of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?
Calmodulin receptors
Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab (Herceptin)?
Treatment of breast cancer
Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?
They have inherent enzyme activity
Which of the following is the correct order of events in the MAP kinase cascade?
Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo dimerization and cross-phosphorylation, activation of downstream kinases
Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?
Adenylyl cyclase
Study Notes
Signal Transduction Pathways in Medicine
- G-protein coupled receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane and have a seven transmembrane domain.
- G-protein coupled receptors are associated with a heterotrimeric G protein consisting of gamma, alpha, and beta subunits.
- When a signal binds to the receptor, the alpha subunit of the G protein undergoes a conformational change and converts GDP to GTP, becoming active.
- The active alpha subunit can either stimulate adenylyl cyclase (G sub s) or inhibit adenylyl cyclase (G sub i).
- Activation of adenylyl cyclase leads to the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which activates protein kinase A (PKA).
- Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase prevents the conversion of ATP to cAMP and the activation of PKA.
- The alpha subunit of the G protein can also work through a different system, stimulating phospholipase C (G sub q).
- Phospholipase C activates the conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
- IP3 causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
- G-protein coupled receptors control the endocrine hormones FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, HCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon, and histamine.
- Receptor tyrosine kinases are the largest class of signal transductors and have inherent enzyme activity.
- Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo dimerization and cross-phosphorylation, leading to the activation of downstream kinases in the MAP kinase cascade.
Test your knowledge on the clinical application of Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat HER2-dependent cancers. Learn about the role of RTKs and the RasMAPK pathway in cancer development. Explore the impact of Ras and Raf mutations on protein function.
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