Trastuzumab and Cancer Pathways
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Trastuzumab and Cancer Pathways

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key regulatory and control mechanism in the human body?

  • Cellular signaling (correct)
  • Gene expression
  • Differentiation
  • Metabolism

    • What is the main function of cell surface receptors?

  • Induce signal transduction (correct)
  • Directly regulate gene expression
  • Remove signals
  • Synthesize signaling molecules

    • Which type of signaling utilizes intracellular receptors to directly regulate gene expression?

  • Autocrine signaling
  • Paracrine signaling
  • Juxtacrine signaling
  • Endocrine signaling (correct)

    • Which of the following is a symptom of whooping cough?

    <p>Severe coughing attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterium causes whooping cough?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for continuous cAMP production in whooping cough?

    <p>Pertussis toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?

    <p>Vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor possesses intrinsic tyrosine phosphatase activity?

    <p>Activated receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>Decreased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?

    <p>Inability to see well at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 1st detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?

    <p>Activation of cAMP/cGMP PDEs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mutated RTKs in cancer?

    <p>Activate pro-cellular proliferation signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?

    <p>Gαs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?

    <p>Gαq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?

    <p>Gαi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?

    <p>Gαt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Receptor serine/threonine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of signal transduction pathways mentioned in the text?

    <p>Utilization of intracellular proteins called nuclear factor kappa B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Protein Kinases &amp; Protein Phosphatases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of effector specificity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Activating cAMP pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?

    <p>JAK/STAT signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?

    <p>Unregulated PI3K signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is associated with Ras mutations and Raf mutations?

    <p>Ras/MAPK signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?

    <p>It binds and neutralizes HER2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Autocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?

    <p>They induce signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in cell surface receptor signaling?

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to name signal transduction pathways?

    <p>Based on cell type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pharmacological target of atropine?

    <p>Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of a K+ channel and a change in membrane potential?

    <p>Gβγ subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?

    <p>Vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cAMP to 5'-AMP?

    <p>cAMP phosphodiesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?

    <p>cGMP phosphodiesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the text?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tissue type that shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>Inhibition of downstream signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?

    <p>Inability to see well at night or in areas with poor lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?

    <p>Gαq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of effector specificity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Specific receptor-ligand interactions cause specific cellular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>Inhibition of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell surface receptors?

    <p>To bind ligands and initiate signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?

    <p>JAK/STAT pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Trastuzumab in cancer treatment?

    <p>It neutralizes HER2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?

    <p>Unregulated PI3K signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterium causes whooping cough?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Fas (CD95, APO-1) receptor?

    <p>It induces homotrimerization of Fas in the membrane of target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>It ultimately leads to vasodilation, increased renal Na+ excretion, and inhibition of renin/aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>It deactivates key proteins like STAT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Death receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?

    <p>It induces homotrimerization of Fas in the membrane of signaling cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)?

    <p>It possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?

    <p>They induce signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with a Gα subunit mentioned in the text?

    <p>Phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell surface receptors?

    <p>To respond to ligands via a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?

    <p>Treatment of cardiorespiratory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?

    <p>Gαs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?

    <p>Skeletal Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Intracellular Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?

    <p>Gαs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?

    <p>Gαq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαs and adenylyl cyclase?

    <p>β2-adrenoceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is activated by epinephrine and leads to the activation of Gαi and a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels?

    <p>α2-adrenoceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Receptor serine/threonine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?

    <p>They have 1 transmembrane domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>Produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?

    <p>Decreased night vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab?

    <p>Treatment of HER2-dependent cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of PI3K in the PI3K signaling pathway?

    <p>To phosphorylate PIP2 to form PIP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Leprechaunism (Donohue syndrome)?

    <p>Severe insulin-resistant diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of many cancers caused by the deletion of the PTEN gene?

    <p>Unregulated PI3K signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of nyctalopia?

    <p>Inability to see well in areas with poor lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Lack of adequate dietary vitamin A intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?

    <p>Induce pro-cellular proliferation signals in absence of their ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?

    <p>Mediation of activity of many factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>NPR1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>Inhibition of renin/aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?

    <p>Induces homotrimerization of Fas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phosphodiesterase and a decrease in cGMP levels?

    <p>Gαi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Intracellular receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?

    <p>Regulation of intracellular calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cell surface receptors?

    <p>They respond to extracellular signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step in cell surface receptor signaling?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Intracellular receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?

    <p>Adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application mentioned in the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?

    <p>Induction of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of atropine?

    <p>Treatment of excessive salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of phospholipase C and an increase in IP3 and DAG levels?

    <p>Gαq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of rhodopsin?

    <p>It is a GPCR expressed in the rod cells of the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of atropine?

    <p>To treat cardiorespiratory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Receptor serine/threonine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?

    <p>Activates caspase pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling mentioned in the text?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of calmodulin?

    <p>Regulates calcium signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor possesses intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activated receptor dephosphorylating key proteins?

    <p>Decreased firing of AgRP neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ion channel receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G protein is associated with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and an increase in intracellular cAMP levels?

    <p>Gαs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by the binding of EPO to its receptor (EpoR)?

    <p>JAK/STAT pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of nyctalopia?

    <p>Night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of calmodulin?

    <p>Binding to 4 Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of mutated RTKs in cancer?

    <p>Induce pro-cellular proliferation signals in absence of their ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of pseudohypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Inability to respond to parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of NO pathway pharmacological targets?

    <p>Treatment of arterial pulmonary hypertension &amp; erectile dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Trastuzumab?

    <p>It is a monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes HER2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of Sirolimus (rapamycin)?

    <p>Prevention of kidney transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Leprechaunism?

    <p>It is also known as Donohue syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of Epoetin alfa?

    <p>Therapy of amenia arising from kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, and zidovudine therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major topic discussed in the video?

    <p>Neurology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the second messenger system in the human body?

    <p>Controls biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why understanding signal transduction is important?

    <p>It controls biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical application mentioned in the video?

    <p>Neurology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major topic discussed in the video?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of communication mentioned in the video?

    <p>Psychological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system does the second messenger system have its hand in?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major type of cell surface receptor mentioned in the video?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of activated receptor binding to Fas ligand (FasL)?

    <p>Promotes cell survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type shows relaxation (vasodilation) in response to epinephrine?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of G-protein coupled receptors?

    <p>Activation of protein kinase A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of events in the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway?

    <p>Signal binds to receptor, alpha subunit converts GDP to GTP, activation of adenylyl cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of events in the phospholipase C signaling pathway?

    <p>Signal binds to receptor, activation of phospholipase C, conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a second messenger involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major class of cell surface receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>Calmodulin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical application of Trastuzumab (Herceptin)?

    <p>Treatment of breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases?

    <p>They have inherent enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of events in the MAP kinase cascade?

    <p>Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo dimerization and cross-phosphorylation, activation of downstream kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major effector protein associated with the Gαs subunit mentioned in the text?

    <p>Adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Signal Transduction Pathways in Medicine

    • G-protein coupled receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane and have a seven transmembrane domain.
    • G-protein coupled receptors are associated with a heterotrimeric G protein consisting of gamma, alpha, and beta subunits.
    • When a signal binds to the receptor, the alpha subunit of the G protein undergoes a conformational change and converts GDP to GTP, becoming active.
    • The active alpha subunit can either stimulate adenylyl cyclase (G sub s) or inhibit adenylyl cyclase (G sub i).
    • Activation of adenylyl cyclase leads to the conversion of ATP to cAMP, which activates protein kinase A (PKA).
    • Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase prevents the conversion of ATP to cAMP and the activation of PKA.
    • The alpha subunit of the G protein can also work through a different system, stimulating phospholipase C (G sub q).
    • Phospholipase C activates the conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
    • IP3 causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
    • G-protein coupled receptors control the endocrine hormones FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, HCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon, and histamine.
    • Receptor tyrosine kinases are the largest class of signal transductors and have inherent enzyme activity.
    • Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo dimerization and cross-phosphorylation, leading to the activation of downstream kinases in the MAP kinase cascade.

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