Questions and Answers
What is Active Transport?
What defines an Amphipathic Molecule?
What are Aquaporins?
A transport protein in the plasma membrane that facilitates the diffusion of water
Define Concentration Gradient.
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What is Cotransport?
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Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from lower concentration to higher concentration.
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What is an Electrochemical Gradient?
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Define an Electrogenic Pump.
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What is Endocytosis?
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What occurs during Exocytosis?
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Define Facilitated Diffusion.
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What does Flaccid mean?
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Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model.
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What are Gated Channels?
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What are Glycolipids?
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Define Glycoproteins.
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What does Hypertonic mean?
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What is Hypotonic?
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Define Integral Proteins.
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What are Ion Channels?
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Define Isotonic.
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What are Ligands?
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Define Membrane Potential.
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What does Osmoregulation mean?
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What is Osmosis?
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Define Passive Transport.
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What are Peripheral Proteins?
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Define Plasmolysis.
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What is a Proton Pump?
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Define Selective Permeability.
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What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
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Define Tonicity.
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What are Transport Proteins?
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Define Turgid.
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Study Notes
Transport Mechanisms
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against concentration or electrochemical gradients, requiring energy.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of substances along a concentration gradient through carrier proteins, no energy required.
- Diffusion: Spontaneous movement from high to low concentration areas.
- Osmosis: Specific diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, aiming for equal concentration.
Types of Transport Proteins
- Aquaporins: Membrane proteins that facilitate water transport across cell membranes.
- Ion Channels: Specialized protein channels allowing specific ions to pass through membranes.
- Transport Proteins: Proteins aiding in the movement of substances through the cellular environment.
Membrane Properties
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Describes membrane structure as a mix of proteins floating in a phospholipid bilayer.
- Selective Permeability: Membrane characteristic allowing certain substances to pass easily while blocking others.
- Integral Proteins: Proteins embedded within the membrane, functioning in transport and signaling.
Cellular Processes
- Endocytosis: Process by which cells engulf particles, enclosing them in vesicles.
- Exocytosis: Mechanism of releasing substances from cells via vesicles merging with the cell membrane.
- Cotransport: Coupling of one substance's diffusion to drive the transport of another against its gradient.
Solutions and Tonicity
- Hypertonic: Solution with a higher solute concentration than another, causing cells to lose water.
- Hypotonic: Solution with lower solute concentration, leading to water entry and potential cell swelling.
- Isotonic: Solutions with equal solute concentrations, maintaining cell size.
- Tonicity: Describes a solution’s ability to affect water movement into or out of cells.
Cell Responses
- Flaccid: Condition of a plant cell in an isotonic environment, lacking turgor pressure.
- Turgid: Plant cells become firm when water enters from hypotonic surroundings.
- Plasmolysis: Occurs when cells in hypertonic environments lose water, leading to cell shrinkage and membrane detachment.
Electrical and Chemical Gradients
- Electrochemical Gradient: Determines the movement of ions based on both concentration differences and membrane electrical potential.
- Membrane Potential: Voltage difference across a membrane due to ion distribution, influencing cell activity.
- Electrogenic Pump: Active transport proteins generating voltage during ion transport, crucial for maintaining gradients.
Membrane Components
- Amphipathic Molecules: Molecules with hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions.
- Glycolipids: Lipids with sugar groups, important for cell membrane structure and signaling.
- Glycoproteins: Proteins with carbohydrate chains, playing roles in recognition and signaling.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Transports sodium out and potassium into the cell, working against concentration gradients and generating membrane potential, vital for nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
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Description
Explore the diverse mechanisms through which substances move across cell membranes, including active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Understand the structure and function of transport proteins and the fluid mosaic model that characterizes membrane properties. Test your knowledge of these essential biological concepts.