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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum size of the TCP message field in bytes?
What is the maximum size of the TCP message field in bytes?
What is the primary function of segmenting in the transport layer?
What is the primary function of segmenting in the transport layer?
What is the size of an IPv6 header in bytes?
What is the size of an IPv6 header in bytes?
What is the purpose of port numbers in the TCP header?
What is the purpose of port numbers in the TCP header?
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What is the term for breaking large messages into smaller blocks in the transport layer?
What is the term for breaking large messages into smaller blocks in the transport layer?
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What is the size of an IPv4 header in bytes?
What is the size of an IPv4 header in bytes?
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What is the main issue facing the application layer?
What is the main issue facing the application layer?
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What is the purpose of the transport layer?
What is the purpose of the transport layer?
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What is the term for ensuring that messages are delivered in the correct order?
What is the term for ensuring that messages are delivered in the correct order?
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What is the size of the source and destination port addresses in the TCP header?
What is the size of the source and destination port addresses in the TCP header?
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Study Notes
Application Layer and Transport Layer
- The application layer sends and receives messages as a single block of data.
- The transport layer breaks the data into smaller segments for transmission and reassembles them at the receiver's end.
Segmenting
- Segmenting is the process of breaking down a large message from the application layer into smaller segments for transmission.
- The transport layer (TCP) breaks down the message into smaller packets and assigns a sequence number to each packet.
- At the receiver's end, the transport layer reassembles the packets into the original message.
Session Management
- A session is a conversation between two computers, where the sender establishes a connection with the receiver before transmitting data.
- Connection-oriented messaging (TCP) establishes a session before transmitting data, ensuring that the data is delivered reliably.
- Connectionless messaging (UDP) does not establish a session before transmission, and packets may arrive out of sequence at the receiver's end.
Connection-Oriented Messaging (TCP)
- TCP sets up a connection (session) between the sender and receiver before transmitting data.
- The connection is established by exchanging synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) segments.
- If errors occur during transmission, the receiver requests retransmission of the affected segment.
- TCP is a full-duplex connection, where each side of the session can terminate the connection independently.
Connectionless Messaging (UDP)
- UDP does not establish a connection before transmission, and each packet is treated separately.
- Packets may take different routes and arrive out of sequence at the receiver's end.
- The maximum size of a TCP message field is 1444 bytes (Ethernet's max message size minus IP and TCP headers).
Transport Layer Functions
- The transport layer has three main functions: linking to the application layer, segmenting, and session management.
- Linking to the application layer involves linking software applications to the network.
- Segmenting involves breaking down large messages into smaller blocks for transmission.
- Session management ensures end-to-end delivery of messages.
Linking to the Application Layer
- The transport layer uses port numbers to identify applications running on a computer.
- Port numbers are located in the TCP header fields and indicate the source and destination applications.
- Standard port numbers are assigned to common applications (e.g., HTTP port 80, FTP port 21, SMTP port 25).
- Nonstandard port numbers can be used, but require configuration of TCP by the programmer.
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Description
Learn about the transport layer's role in breaking down data into segments and reassembling them at the receiver's end. Understand how different application layer software handles incoming segments.
