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Questions and Answers
What role does osmosis play in the movement of water within leaf xylem vessels?
What role does osmosis play in the movement of water within leaf xylem vessels?
- It transports nutrients from the soil.
- It converts water to glucose.
- It creates a suction force that pulls water up. (correct)
- It prevents water loss through evaporation.
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
- Oxygen (correct)
- Glucose (correct)
- Carbon dioxide
- Nitrogen
What is NOT necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
What is NOT necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
- Light
- Nitrogen (correct)
- Chlorophyll
- Water
In which process of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur?
In which process of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur?
What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What are the end products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
The Calvin cycle includes which of the following main steps?
The Calvin cycle includes which of the following main steps?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?
During the light-dependent reactions, what happens to the water molecules?
During the light-dependent reactions, what happens to the water molecules?
What triggers the opening of stomata in leaves?
What triggers the opening of stomata in leaves?
How do stomata facilitate gas exchange in the leaf?
How do stomata facilitate gas exchange in the leaf?
What is the main role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
What is the main role of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
What structural characteristic of guard cells helps in the opening of stomata?
What structural characteristic of guard cells helps in the opening of stomata?
What happens to guard cells when potassium ions diffuse out of them?
What happens to guard cells when potassium ions diffuse out of them?
Where are most chloroplasts found within the leaf structure?
Where are most chloroplasts found within the leaf structure?
What role does the xylem play in relation to mesophyll cells in leaves?
What role does the xylem play in relation to mesophyll cells in leaves?
How does carbon dioxide primarily enter leaf cells?
How does carbon dioxide primarily enter leaf cells?
What does a higher water potential indicate about a solution?
What does a higher water potential indicate about a solution?
What occurs to a plant cell in a solution with lower water potential?
What occurs to a plant cell in a solution with lower water potential?
What will happen to an animal cell in a solution of higher water potential?
What will happen to an animal cell in a solution of higher water potential?
What does osmosis refer to in the context of cell movement of water?
What does osmosis refer to in the context of cell movement of water?
What happens to cell sap in a solution with a higher water potential?
What happens to cell sap in a solution with a higher water potential?
Which statement is true regarding cells in a solution with the same water potential?
Which statement is true regarding cells in a solution with the same water potential?
Why do plant cells not burst in hypotonic solutions?
Why do plant cells not burst in hypotonic solutions?
How does a diluted solution compare to a concentrated solution in terms of water potential?
How does a diluted solution compare to a concentrated solution in terms of water potential?
What are the main elements that make up carbohydrates?
What are the main elements that make up carbohydrates?
Which of the following is classified as a double sugar?
Which of the following is classified as a double sugar?
Where is starch primarily stored in plants?
Where is starch primarily stored in plants?
What distinguishes glycogen from starch?
What distinguishes glycogen from starch?
Which of the following best describes cellulose?
Which of the following best describes cellulose?
What are the components formed when fats are broken down?
What are the components formed when fats are broken down?
Why are fats considered a suitable long-term storage material?
Why are fats considered a suitable long-term storage material?
When considering insulation, how do fats function in the body?
When considering insulation, how do fats function in the body?
What is the primary product formed during photosynthesis that is immediately used?
What is the primary product formed during photosynthesis that is immediately used?
How does increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?
How does increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?
What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
At what temperature range does the rate of photosynthesis reach its optimum?
At what temperature range does the rate of photosynthesis reach its optimum?
What happens to the glucose formed during photosynthesis if it is not used immediately?
What happens to the glucose formed during photosynthesis if it is not used immediately?
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Study Notes
Water Movement and Transpiration Pull
- Water in leaf xylem vessels moves through osmosis from deeper cells, creating a suction force known as transpiration pull.
- This process is vital for transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves.
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy, necessary for organisms.
- Key equation: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen.
Importance of Photosynthesis
- Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
- Produces oxygen essential for respiration in living organisms.
- Contributes to the formation of fossil fuels.
Conditions for Photosynthesis
- Requires light, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, suitable temperature, and water.
Site and Stages of Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts absorb light energy used in photolysis.
- Light-dependent reactions occur in the granum, generating ATP and NADPH, and releasing oxygen as a by-product.
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place in the stroma, involving:
- Carbon fixation: Incorporation of carbon dioxide into RuBP.
- Reduction: Conversion of GP to triose phosphate using ATP and NADPH.
- Regeneration of RuBP for continuous carbon fixation.
Gas Exchange and Stomata Function
- Stomata open in presence of light, allowing carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.
- Guard cells control stomatal size through turgidity and flaccidity driven by potassium ion exchange.
Water Potential in Plant Cells
- Water potential measures the tendency for water movement; highest potential is 0.
- A diluted solution has a higher water potential than concentrated solutions.
Effects of Water Potential on Cells
- In high water potential, plant cells become turgid without bursting due to inelastic cell walls.
- In low water potential, cells undergo plasmolysis, causing the cytoplasm to shrink and cells to become limp.
- Animal cells in high water potential swell and may burst, as they lack protective cell walls.
Carbohydrates Types and Functions
- Simple sugars: Glucose and fructose.
- Double sugars: Maltose (two glucose) and sucrose (glucose + fructose).
- Complex carbohydrates:
- Starch: Energy storage in plants.
- Cellulose: Structural component of plant cell walls.
- Glycogen: Storage form in animals, branched structure made of glucose.
Fats
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; consist of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Serve as long-term energy storage, insulating materials, and have higher energy value than carbohydrates.
Role of Calvin Cycle Products
- Products derived from the Calvin Cycle can be:
- Used immediately for energy.
- Converted to starch for temporary storage.
- Transformed into sucrose for transport.
- Converted into amino acids for protein synthesis.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Rate
- Light intensity: Increases up to a maximum rate, reduces after reaching a plateau.
- Carbon dioxide concentration: Higher levels lead to increased glucose production until saturation.
- Temperature: Rate increases up to an optimum range (25-35°C) and declines beyond that.
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