Questions and Answers
What term describes the process by which certain traits become more common in a population over time?
Acquired characteristics can be passed along to an organism's offspring.
True
Who independently proposed the theory of natural selection around the same time as Darwin?
Alfred Russel Wallace
Organisms that have advantageous characteristics that aid in survival are more likely to ________.
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Match the key terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following theories suggests that all cells in an organism can shed particles called gemmules?
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The Germ-plasm Theory, proposed by August Weismann, states that somatoplasm is the essential element of germ cells.
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What is the main postulate of Mendelian Inheritance?
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Genetic drift contributes to diversity within a population through random __________.
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Which theory postulates that speciation is usually due to gradual accumulation of small genetic changes?
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Match the following theories with their primary focus:
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The Moist Vapor Theory was proposed by August Weismann.
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What does the Germ-plasm Theory assert is passed from generation to generation?
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Which subspecies is NOT among the ancestors of modern horses?
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The primary reason for the domestication of junglefowl is believed to be for their ability to provide transportation.
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What are the four subspecies that modern breeds of junglefowl descended from?
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The last animal to be domesticated was the __________.
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Match the following horse ancestors to their descriptions:
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Which of the following lists the purposes of horse domestication?
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Pliohippus was the first horse with a single toe.
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What was the primary purpose of junglefowl domestication?
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The wild horse species that survived is called __________.
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Which ancestor of the horse is known as 'Dawn Horse'?
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What type of domestic cattle is primarily used in tropical regions?
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The wild ancestor of domestic cattle is known as the Aurochs.
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What is the primary purpose of domesticated sheep?
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The domestic pig descends from two wild stocks: the Eurasian wild pig and the ______.
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Match the domestic animals with their primary purpose:
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Which of the following animals was domesticated around 10,000 BC along with sheep?
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The primary use of Bos taurus is for meat production in tropical climates.
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What is one of the main aims of animal breeding?
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Animal breeding only focuses on increasing the quantity of products produced.
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What animal's skin is commonly used for leather?
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Name one factor that defines the direction of selection in animal breeding.
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The wild ancestor of sheep includes the Mouflon and the ______.
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Which of the following domestic animals typically has assumed religious importance in many ancient civilizations?
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The success of animal breeding can be judged by looking at a shift in __________.
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Which of the following is not a condition for animal breeding success?
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Match the following aspects of animal breeding with their descriptions:
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To produce superior genotypes, breeding plans must consider random mating.
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What is meant by 'genetic merit' in animal breeding?
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Study Notes
Transmission of Acquired Characteristics
- Modifications acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by offspring.
Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle
- Observations of Galapagos finches led to insights on natural selection.
- Key factors influencing evolution include variation, inheritance, selection, time, and adaptation.
Key Concepts in Evolution
- Organisms display variations from their parents, and these variations can be hereditary.
- Limited environmental resources lead to natural selection favoring advantageous traits.
- Over generations, such traits become more prevalent, enhancing species' adaptability.
Evolutionary Theories
- Variation within populations arises from random mutations selected by the environment.
- Characteristics are inherited through discrete units called genes.
- Speciation often occurs via gradual accumulation of small genetic changes.
The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Mendelian Inheritance (1865): Foundation of genetic principles based on discrete units (genes).
- Pangenesis Theory (1868): Postulated by Darwin, proposing that cells shed particles ("gemmules") that convey hereditary information.
- Germ-plasm Theory (1883): Proposed by Weismann, emphasizing germ plasm as the hereditary material distinct from somatic cells.
Domestic Animals Origin
- Domestic cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were domesticated around 10,000 BC.
- Two primary types of cattle: Bos indicus (tropical) and Bos taurus (temperate).
- Sheep originated from Mouflon and Urial and were raised for meat and wool.
Domestication Purposes
- Cattle primarily used for draft purposes and milk production; significant in ancient cultures.
- Domestic goats were cultivated for their underfur, wool, milk, and meat.
- Domestic chickens were primarily domesticated for cockfighting, meat, and eggs.
Horse Domestication
- Horses were likely the last to be domesticated (around 6,000 years ago).
- Essential for transport, warfare, and agricultural draft work.
- Ancestors include Eohippus, Mesohippus, Merychippus, and Pliohippus.
Aims of Animal Breeding
- Selection focuses on desirable traits based on genetic merit.
- Genetic diversity in populations allows for effective selection.
- Human-defined selection influences which animals breed and produce future generations.
- Breeding success can be evaluated by population shifts and multi-generational results.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of acquired characteristics and whether modifications gained during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by its offspring. It will delve into examples from Darwin's 'The Voyage of the Beagle' and the study of Galapagos finches, including contributions from Alfred Russel Wallace.
