Transmission Genetics Oral Exam 1

A DNA molecule carrying genetic material. Humans have 46 in 23 pairs.

Two identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.

Similar chromosomes inherited from each parent, same genes but may have different alleles.

Specific location on a chromosome where a gene is found.

A DNA sequence coding for a protein, determining a trait.

Different versions of a gene at a specific locus.

Tool used to predict offspring genotypes in simple Mendelian traits.

An allele causing death, usually early in development.

Process of determining an organism's sex. Often determined by specific sex chromosomes like XY (humans).

Traits controlled by a single gene with two alleles.

Sex determination system common in mammals like humans, where males have XY chromosomes and females have XX chromosomes.

Sex determination system found in birds, where females have ZW chromosomes and males have ZZ chromosomes.

Sex determination system found in some insects (grasshoppers), where females have XX chromosomes and males have XO chromosomes.

Sex determination system in bees, ants, and wasps, where males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid) and females from fertilized eggs (diploid).

Hormones play a vital role in sex development. Their presence/absence during development affects the development of male or female characteristics.

Mutations in sex-determining genes (like SRY) can cause variations from expected sex development.

In reptiles (alligators, turtles), temperature during development determines sex—warmer temps favoring female development.

A trait influenced by multiple genes, resulting in continuous variation within a population.

Complex due to many genes influencing the trait, environmental factors, and difficulty isolating each gene's effect.

A long DNA molecule carrying genetic material, located in the nucleus, visible during cell division.

Two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, formed during DNA replication.

Chromosome pairs with the same structure, carrying similar genes but potentially different alleles.

Homologous chromosomes are pairs with similar genes (potentially different traits) but are different copies. Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome.

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Segment of DNA coding for a specific protein or trait.

Variant form of a gene.

Factors influencing sex, including genetics (e.g., XY system), environment (e.g., temperature), and social factors (e.g., hierarchy).

Genes on the X chromosome; males more likely to express recessive X-linked traits.

Genes located on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes (e.g., not X or Y).

Cell with one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes).

Cell with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., most body cells).

Not all individuals with a dominant allele show the associated trait.

Multiple versions of a gene in a population.

A diploid individual has two alleles per gene.

Trait influenced by multiple genes.

A cell containing a single set of chromosomes (n).

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Cell division producing two identical diploid daughter cells.

Cell division reducing chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells.

Not all individuals with a dominant allele show the associated trait.

23 chromosomes in a haploid cell.

Inheritance pattern where a recessive gene located on the X chromosome is expressed differently in males and females.

A single recessive allele on the X chromosome will cause a disorder or trait's expression in males.

Females need two copies of the recessive allele to express a trait.

Inheritance pattern where a dominant gene on the X chromosome is expressed in both males and females.

A single dominant allele on the X chromosome causes an expressed trait or disorder in males.

Females express the trait with one dominant allele.

Inheritance pattern where genes are located on autosomal chromosomes (non-sex chromosomes).

A cell containing one set of chromosomes.

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes.