Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily causes low voltage at farthest consumers despite good voltage at the transformer's secondary?
What primarily causes low voltage at farthest consumers despite good voltage at the transformer's secondary?
- High power factor
- Distribution transformers not centrally located (correct)
- Under-sized distribution feeders
- Poor load distribution
Which of the following can help improve the power factor and reduce line losses?
Which of the following can help improve the power factor and reduce line losses?
- Implementing shunt capacitors (correct)
- Decreasing the load on transformers
- Placing distribution transformers centrally
- Increasing conductor size
What is the relationship between power factor and current draw?
What is the relationship between power factor and current draw?
- Power factor has no impact on current draw
- Low power factor results in increased current draw (correct)
- Low power factor results in reduced current draw
- Higher power factor leads to higher current draw
How does the location of distribution transformers affect line losses?
How does the location of distribution transformers affect line losses?
What primarily leads to high distribution losses with a low power factor?
What primarily leads to high distribution losses with a low power factor?
What are the two main categories of distribution losses for an electric utility?
What are the two main categories of distribution losses for an electric utility?
Which of the following causes high technical losses in distribution systems?
Which of the following causes high technical losses in distribution systems?
What is the primary focus of an energy audit in the context of reducing energy losses?
What is the primary focus of an energy audit in the context of reducing energy losses?
What is a significant factor that contributes to increased technical losses in distribution systems?
What is a significant factor that contributes to increased technical losses in distribution systems?
Which method involves the placement of energy meters at all locations in the distribution system?
Which method involves the placement of energy meters at all locations in the distribution system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of technical losses in a distribution system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of technical losses in a distribution system?
What is one of the key tools used in the indirect method for assessing system losses?
What is one of the key tools used in the indirect method for assessing system losses?
In rural areas, what common practice leads to high I2R losses in distribution lines?
In rural areas, what common practice leads to high I2R losses in distribution lines?
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Study Notes
Transmission and Distribution Losses
- Distribution losses are categorized as technical and commercial losses.
- Technical losses are mainly due to transformation losses and high I2R losses in lines.
- Estimating technical losses is done through direct and indirect methods.
- The direct method involves metering energy at all locations and comparing input and output.
- The indirect method uses metering at critical locations and software to assess losses.
Causes of Technical Losses
- Lengthy distribution lines can result in high resistance and increased losses.
- Inadequate conductor size leads to high losses due to higher current flow.
- Improper transformer placement can result in high losses due to voltage drops.
- Low power factor contributes to high losses as it increases current flow.
Reducing Technical Losses
- Shunt capacitors can be used to improve power factor and reduce losses.
- Shunt capacitors can be placed on the secondary side of transformers.
- Improving power factor can significantly reduce losses.
Example of Power Factor Improvement
- A 300 kW load with a power factor of 0.7 exhibits higher losses than the same load with a power factor of 1.0.
- Improving the power factor reduces the current flow and subsequently decreases the I2R losses.
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