unit 5 cc7

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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which the information encoded in an mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein?

Translation

What are the organelles that carry out translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Ribosomes

What is the complex of proteins and RNA molecules required for translation known as?

Translational machinery

What is the template for translation that carries the information used to synthesize a protein?

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA molecule transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the two subunits that compose ribosomes?

Large subunit and small subunit Signup and view all the answers

What are the proteins that help to ensure that translation occurs correctly called?

Translation factors Signup and view all the answers

What process involves charging tRNA with the correct amino acid before it can transfer amino acids to the ribosome?

Charging of tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the enzymes that bind to specific amino acids and tRNA molecules to carry out the charging of tRNA?

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases Signup and view all the answers

Into how many main stages can translation be divided? Name them.

Three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain called?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the ribosome reading the mRNA molecule one codon at a time?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What process by which the ribosome releases the polypeptide chain from the mRNA molecule is called?

Termination Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism maintains the fidelity of translation by checking each amino acid before it is added to the growing polypeptide chain?

Proofreading Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the sequence of an RNA molecule is altered after it has been transcribed from DNA called?

RNA editing Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotics work by targeting different steps in the translation process in prokaryotes?

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What drugs are used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer and viral infections, and work by inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a cancer drug that works by blocking the initiation of translation.

Cancer drug Signup and view all the answers

Name a type of antibiotics that block the binding of tRNA to the ribosome.

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process by which the fidelity of translation is maintained?

Proofreading and RNA editing Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ribosome during elongation in translation?

Elongation is the process by which the ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

How does the ribosome read the mRNA molecule during translation?

The ribosome reads the mRNA molecule one codon at a time. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination phase of translation?

Termination is the process by which the ribosome releases the polypeptide chain from the mRNA molecule. Signup and view all the answers

How is the fidelity of translation maintained?

The fidelity of translation is maintained by mechanisms such as proofreading and RNA editing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proofreading in maintaining the fidelity of translation?

The ribosome has a proofreading mechanism that checks each amino acid before it is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA editing and how does it contribute to the fidelity of translation?

RNA editing is a process by which the sequence of an RNA molecule is altered after it has been transcribed from DNA. It can correct errors that occur during transcription. Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

Some antibiotics work by blocking the binding of tRNA to the ribosome, while others inhibit the activity of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

These drugs are used to treat diseases such as cancer and viral infections by targeting translation processes. Signup and view all the answers

How do some cancer drugs work to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

Some cancer drugs work by blocking the initiation of translation, while others inhibit the elongation of translation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of errors in translation and how can they impact protein synthesis?

Errors in translation can lead to the synthesis of non-functional proteins, impacting cellular functions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Translation Process

Information encoded in mRNA is translated into a protein through the process of translation.
The template for this process is mRNA, which carries genetic information from DNA.

Organelles and Translation Complex

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for carrying out translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The complex of proteins and RNA molecules required for translation is known as the ribosome.

tRNA and Ribosomal Structure

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transport amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits: the large subunit and the small subunit.

Factors Ensuring Translation Accuracy

Proteins that help ensure correct translation are called translation factors.
The process of charging tRNA with the correct amino acid is known as aminoacylation.
Enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases bind specific amino acids to corresponding tRNA molecules during charging.

Stages of Translation

Translation can be divided into three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
During elongation, the ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

Processes in Translation

The ribosome reads the mRNA molecule one codon at a time during the process of decoding.
Termination occurs when the ribosome releases the synthesized polypeptide chain from the mRNA.

Mechanisms for Fidelity

Fidelity of translation is maintained through mechanisms that check each amino acid before addition to the growing chain.
Proofreading helps in ensuring that the correct amino acids are incorporated during polypeptide synthesis.

RNA Editing

RNA editing alters the sequence of an RNA molecule post-transcription, contributing to the fidelity of translation.

Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis

Certain antibiotics target specific steps in the translation process of prokaryotes, inhibiting protein synthesis.
Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotes are used to treat diseases such as cancer and viral infections.
Example of a cancer drug that blocks translation initiation is Dactinomycin.
Antibiotics like Tetracycline block the binding of tRNA to the ribosome.

Effect of Errors in Translation

Errors in translation can significantly impact protein synthesis, potentially leading to dysfunctional or nonfunctional proteins.

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Description

Test your knowledge of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with this quiz. Explore the machinery involved in the synthesis of proteins and understand the differences and similarities between translation processes in these two types of cells.