Transkripcio en Procariote
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Questions and Answers

Quale de li sequent es un componente de li holofermento rnm-polimeraz in procariote?

  • cvladi ubani
  • σ-faqtor (correct)
  • domeni
  • egzoni

    • Quale de li sequent es un functio de li rnm-polimeraz?

  • Transcriber dna a rnm (correct)
  • Reparar dna
  • Replicar dna
  • Traducer rnm a protein

    • Quale de li sequent es ver pro li proceso de transcription in procariote?

  • Li transcription comensa al 3' fino del dna e termina al 5' fino.
  • Li transcription comensa al 5' fino del dna e termina al 3' fino. (correct)
  • Li transcription comensa al 5' fino del dna e termina al 5' fino.
  • Li transcription comensa al 3' fino del dna e termina al 3' fino.

    • Quale de li sequent es ver pro li promotor sequentie in dna?

    <p>Li promotor sequentie indica al rnm-polimeraz ubi transcriber. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de li sequent es un tipo de rnm?

    <p>Omne li supramentionat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de li sequent es ver pro li terminator sequentie in dna?

    <p>Li terminator sequentie indica al rnm-polimeraz ubi terminar li transcription. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kode es li functio de li σ-faqtor in li processo de transcription?

    <p>Li σ-faqtor liges al promotor sequentie in li dna e aiuta li rnm-polimeraz trovar li loc de inicio de transcription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kode es li rol de li terminators in li processo de transcription?

    <p>Li terminators indica al rnm-polimeraz ubi terminar li transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale ye la sequenta dialogo esas vera sur la procesi de transkrifcuro en evkariotti?

    <p>La transkrifcuro esas komencata per la agado de rnm-polimerazi II, qua uze komplexo di proteini nomizita TFII. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequanta esas domeno de la rnm-polimerazi?

    <p>TATA domeno (A), gc domeno (B), caaT domeno (C), Hognesa domeno (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiom numero di proteini esas trovita en rnm-polimerazi II en zuZumwovreb?

    <p>12-14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale esas la rolo di la TFIIH komplexo en la transkrifcuro?

    <p>Tota esas vera. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequanta esas fakto sur la SRB proteini?

    <p>Tota esas vera. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale esas la rolo di la TATA domeno en la transkrifcuro?

    <p>Tota esas vera. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta mencionas pri la transkrifcio esas vera?

    <p>La transkrifcio esas proceso komplexa, qua implikas plura proteini ed enzimi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale el la sequenta faktoro esas partio de la iniciacioneo komplexo en la transkrifcio?

    <p>Omna di la supra. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale el la sequenta proteini esas asociata kun la riparo di ADN?

    <p>TFIIH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta esas ne vera pri la transkrifciala faktoro TFIIH?

    <p>TFIIH esas asociata kun la strukturo di nukleosomi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta esas faktore qua povas influar la kompakteso di ADN?

    <p>Omna di la supra. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta esas rol de Rna-polimerazo II en la transkrifcio?

    <p>Krear la nova Rna-molokulo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta esas vera pri la transkrifciala iniciacioneo?

    <p>La transkrifciala iniciacioneo esas la komenco di la transkrifcio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequenta esas funkciono di la proteini TFIIB, TFIIF, ed TFIIE en la transkrifciala iniciacioneo?

    <p>Omna di la supra. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu el la sekvaj opcioj ne estas asociita kun geni processoj?

    <p>Miksado de manĝaĵoj (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu konscio estas fakte parton de la geneza mekanismo?

    <p>Molekula mekanismo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio okazas dum la transgenaj procesoj?

    <p>Gentransfero inter specioj (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu el la jenaj ligoj estas plej rilata al geni mutacio?

    <p>Geno terapia aplikado (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio ne estas rezulto de geni rekombinacio?

    <p>Planto disvolviĝo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu funkcio ne estas asociita kun genoj?

    <p>Promocii fizikajn aktivitatojn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio estas la ĉefa kriterio en studado de geni mekanismoj?

    <p>Genetika informo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio influas la sekvon de geni mutacio?

    <p>Genetika programado (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu el la jenaj estas parto de la genetikua kodigo?

    <p>Kodido de DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio estas la procezo de translacio en genetikoj?

    <p>Konverto de mRNA al aminoacidoj. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiel oni klasifikas kromosomojn en eukariotaj organizmoj?

    <p>Kondensed genebas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio povas esti konsiderata modulora DNA?

    <p>Warbi DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiu el la jenaj estas la procento de non-kodanta DNA en la genom?

    <p>75%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kie oni trovas intronojn en la DNA?

    <p>Inter genebas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kio estas la funkcio de ligoj en DNA?

    <p>Kondensaci kaj organizado di genom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequente afirmations es correcte pri la organoides?

    <p>Li organoides es estructuras complexe interne del celulas, con funciones specifica. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale proceso es responsable pro li creation de proteines?

    <p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es li role del aminocidos in li formation de proteines?

    <p>Li aminocidos es li bloques basic que forma li proteines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es li role del ARN-t in li production de proteines?

    <p>Li ARN-t transporta aminocidos al ribosomas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale de la sequente afirmations es correcte pri li splicing?

    <p>Li splicing es li process que remove li intronas del ARN. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es li role del enzimas in li production de proteines?

    <p>Li enzimas catalisa li reactiones chimic in li formation de proteines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es li diferente inter li production de proteines in eucariotes e procariotes?

    <p>Li production de proteines in eucariotes es plus complexe, con multe pasos additional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gene Function and Mechanisms

    • Human Genome Size: Approximately 3 x 109 nucleotide pairs (3 billion base pairs).
    • Coding Genes: Roughly 4 x 104 genes responsible for synthesizing proteins, ribosomal, and transfer RNA.
    • Genome Composition (Proportions): Coding genes (exons) account for about 1% of total DNA; non-coding regions (introns) comprise 24%; remaining DNA (intergenic regions) is about 75%. This "extra" DNA, also known as "non-functional DNA" or "silent DNA," is a crucial feature of eukaryotic cells.

    Primary Genetic Code

    • Three-base Codons: Genetic instructions represented by three nucleotides (triplets). This allows for 64 (43) combinations from four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), sufficient to code for 20 amino acids.
    • Francis Crick's Validation (Experiment): Confirmed the existence of the code using proflavin-induced mutations in phage T4.

    Secondary & Tertiary Genetic Code: Chromatin Codes

    • Secondary Code (Chromatin Code): Adenine nucleotide pairs have a periodic occurrence in DNA sequences, interacting with histone octamer complexes.
    • Tertiary Code (Chromatin Condensation Code): Eukaryotic DNA structure and wrapping around histone octamer complexes is regulated by non-histone proteins in response to calcium ions (Ca++) and phosphorylation, affecting localized DNA coiling and chromatin structure in the nucleus. This is crucial for controlling gene activity by affecting accessibility to different regions of the genome. This code influences the functionality and expression of genes in specific areas.

    Genetic Code Properties

    • Universality: The genetic code is the same across all organisms, from viruses to humans. Each amino acid is coded by the same codon across species.
    • Non-overlapping: Each nucleotide is part of only one codon.
    • Redundancy/Degeneracy: Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. This allows some variations in the third base of a codon without altering the encoded amino acid.

    Gene Organization in Prokaryotes

    • Operons: Genes grouped together in clusters that are transcribed into a single mRNA molecule, called polycistronic mRNA. This allows for coordinated expression of related genes. This organization allows bacteria to quickly switch their metabolism between different substrates. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which controls the uptake of lactose. The operon structure includes regulatory and structural genes.
    • Cis-regulation: Transcription regulation occurs when a regulatory protein is located close to the regulated genes.
    • Trans-regulation: A regulatory protein free in the cellular environment regulates distant genes within the cell.

    Gene Organization in Eukaryotes

    • Complex Structure: Eukaryotic genomes are complex; many genes are composed of exons and introns, separating coding regions (exons) from non-coding regions (introns).
    • Introns/Exons: Non-coding introns interrupt the coding sequences (exons).
    • Transcription: More complex in eukaryotes, with three types of RNA polymerase involved in transcription. The process is significantly regulated through a multitude of factors

    Gene Structure in Eukaryotes

    • Promoter: The promoter region of a gene is crucial for coordinating RNA polymerase binding and initiating transcription. It often contains several key elements.
    • TATA Box: A short sequence of DNA found near the start of a gene that is important for transcription initiation.
    • Transcription Start Site: The precise location where mRNA synthesis begins.
    • Exons/Introns: Genes contain coding exons and non-coding introns.
    • Intron Removal (Splicing): During processing, introns are removed, and the remaining exons are joined to form mature mRNA. Alternative splicing of exons is an important feature of eukaryotic genes where a single gene can give rise to multiple different mRNA molecules and proteins.

    Ribosomes and Translation

    • Ribosomes: Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Their Svedberg value (S) indicated the sedimentation rate in a solution. (70S (30S + 50S) for prokaryotes and 80S (40S + 60S) for eukaryotes).
    • Translation Steps (General overview): Activation of amino acids, initiation, elongation, termination.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA): Adapters that bring amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to their corresponding codons on mRNA.

    Other Important Factors

    • Gene Families: Multiple copies of related genes. These often arise from duplication events. Globin genes are an example of a gene family where slightly different versions of a protein are needed.
    • Pseudogenes: Nonfunctional copies of genes within a family, commonly arising from duplicated genes and mutations that disrupt functionality.
    • Tandem Arrays: Repeated copies of a gene arranged in a cluster. This is often seen in genes coding for ribosomal RNA.
    • Amplification: Some genes can increase their copy number within the genome via repeated replication, resulting in increased levels of their product.

    Gene Therapy and Genetic Diagnosis

    • Gene Therapy: Inserting normal genes into cells to treat inherited diseases.
    • Genetic Diagnosis: Employing methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify genetic variations associated with diseases or family relationships.

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    Related Documents

    4. Genetikuri Kodi PDF

    Description

    Testas tu konoscenti pri la proceso de transkripcio en procariote. Esas demandi pri grupon di komponentes e functiones de rnm-polimeraz, simile a la rol di promotor e terminator sequenties. Kontrolas via scio pri rnm e transkripciolo in mikroorganismas.

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