Transition Metals: Definition and Properties

Study Notes

Definition and Characteristics

Transition metals are a group of elements in the d-block of the periodic table.
They are characterized by the ability to form ions with different charges (variable valency).
They are also known for their ability to form complexes with other molecules.

Electronic Configuration

Transition metals have a partially filled d subshell in their atomic orbitals.
This leads to the ability to gain or lose electrons to form ions with different charges.
The electronic configuration of transition metals is typically represented as [noble gas] ns^2 (n-1)d^1-10, where n is the period number.

Physical Properties

Transition metals are typically hard, dense, and have high melting and boiling points.
They are often good conductors of electricity and heat.
They exhibit a range of colors due to the absorption of light by their ions.

Chemical Properties

Transition metals exhibit a range of oxidation states, due to the ability to lose or gain electrons.
They are often involved in catalytic reactions, where they speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
They are also known for their ability to form complexes with other molecules, such as ligands.

Examples of Transition Metals

Scandium (Sc)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V)
Chromium (Cr)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)

Uses of Transition Metals

Catalysts in industrial processes, such as the production of ammonia and nitric acid.
Pigments in paint and other coloring agents.
Magnetic materials, such as magnets and magnetic storage devices.
Electrical components, such as wires and circuits.
Biological systems, such as enzymes and proteins.

Description

Learn about the definition, characteristics, electronic configuration, physical and chemical properties of transition metals, as well as their uses and examples. Understand the unique properties that make them useful in various industries.