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w11- pdf

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Questions and Answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between ligand field strength and d-orbital splitting?

  • Lower ligand field strength results in higher energy d-orbitals.
  • Ligand field strength is inversely proportional to d-orbital splitting.
  • Higher ligand field strength leads to greater d-orbital splitting. (correct)
  • Ligand field strength has no effect on d-orbital splitting.

    • What is the effect of changing from octahedral to tetrahedral coordination geometry on crystal field splitting energy?

  • Crystal field splitting energy remains the same.
  • Only d-orbital energy levels are affected.
  • Crystal field splitting energy increases.
  • Crystal field splitting energy decreases. (correct)

    • Which of the following correctly describes the spectrochemical series?

  • It ranks ligands based on the wavelength of light they absorb.
  • It ranks ligands according to their ability to alter the oxidation state of metals.
  • It ranks ligands by their field strength and corresponding d-orbital splitting. (correct)
  • It ranks ligands according to the number of d-electrons in the metal ion.

    • What happens during d-d transitions in transition metal complexes?

    <p>Electrons move from filled to unfilled d-orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of magnetism in transition metals?

    <p>Net magnetic effect of unpaired electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the strength of a ligand affect the d-d transition energy in metal complexes?

    <p>Stronger ligands cause larger d-d transition energies by increasing Δoct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about weak field ligands is true?

    <p>Weak field ligands lead to smaller values of Δoct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the spectrochemical series, which ligand is classified as a strong field ligand?

    <p>Cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ligand geometry have on the energy gaps in d-orbital splitting?

    <p>Geometry variation leads to different values of Δoct or Δtet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding d-d transitions is correct?

    <p>D-d transitions involve the excitation of electrons between orbitals of different energies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the complex [Ti(CN)6]3-, what can be inferred about its color based on its ligand?

    <p>It would exhibit color due to high Δoct and energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship exists between wavelength and energy in the context of d-d transitions?

    <p>Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher energy and stronger absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in oxidation state typically affect the color of metal complexes?

    <p>Increased oxidation states generally alter the energy of d-d transitions, affecting color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a large value of Δoct have on electron configuration in d6 systems?

    <p>It results in the pairing of electrons before occupying higher energy orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geometry is associated with the structural configurations discussed in the text?

    <p>Octahedral geometry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of [Fe(OH2)6]2+, what is the impact of a smaller value of Δoct?

    <p>It makes it energetically favorable to occupy eg orbitals before pairing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pairing of electrons in d orbitals affect the magnetic properties of a complex?

    <p>Pairing results in a diamagnetic complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when the first three electrons fill the t2g orbitals in high spin d6 configurations?

    <p>The next two electrons go into eg orbitals before any pairing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Crystal Field Theory does the spectrochemical series relate to?

    <p>The energy required for electron transitions between orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a low spin configuration in octahedral complexes?

    <p>Maximal pairing of electrons in lower energy orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In [Fe(CN)6]4-, what configuration does the strong field ligand create?

    <p>Low spin with all paired electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the electron filling order in lower Δoct environments?

    <p>Electrons must pair in t2g before they can move to eg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about d4 to d7 electron configurations is correct?

    <p>They can result in both high and low spin configurations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of d-orbital splitting in transition metal complexes?

    <p>It leads to different energy levels among d-orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the [Ti(OH2)6]3+ complex, which statement accurately describes its color?

    <p>It is purple due to the absorption of green-yellow light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines strong field ligands in relation to d-orbital energy splittings?

    <p>They create large energy gaps leading to low spin complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation relates the energy of an absorbed photon to the energy gap between d-orbitals?

    <p>$ΔE_{electron} = hν$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The geometry of transition metal complexes can significantly influence what aspect of their behavior?

    <p>The splitting of d-orbitals is altered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ligands arranged in the spectrochemical series?

    <p>According to their ability to split d-orbital energies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electronic configuration of the [Ti(OH2)6]3+ complex?

    <p>d1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which photon energy corresponds to the absorption of a complex exhibiting a d-d transition?

    <p>Around 490 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ligands play in determining the color of transition metal complexes?

    <p>Ligands affect the energy gap between d-orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between wavelength and photon energy in d-d transitions?

    <p>Photon energy and wavelength are inversely related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical electronic configuration for square planar complexes formed by metals with d8 configurations?

    <p>No unpaired electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tetrahedral complexes, what is the typical relationship between the splitting energy (Δtet) and octahedral splitting energy (Δoct)?

    <p>Δtet = 4/9(Δoct)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is employed to measure the number of unpaired electrons in a complex?

    <p>Guoy balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about paramagnetic and diamagnetic complexes is correct?

    <p>Diamagnetic complexes are repelled by a magnetic field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from a strong attraction of a d5 octahedral complex in a magnetic field?

    <p>The complex has five unpaired electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring the strength of attraction to a magnetic field?

    <p>It directly indicates the number of unpaired electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which configuration is generally associated with high spin tetrahedral complexes?

    <p>Typically four unpaired electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects the d-orbital splitting in transition metal complexes?

    <p>Oxidation state of the central metal ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'spectrochemical series'?

    <p>A ranking of ligands based on the strength of field they exert on d electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Spectrochemical Series

    • Ligands interact with the metal d-orbitals to varying degrees
    • Strong field ligands interact strongly and lead to large energy splitting (Δoct)
    • Weak field ligands interact weakly and lead to smaller energy splittings (Δoct)
    • The spectrochemical series ranks ligands in order of their strength - from weak field ligands on the left to strong field ligands on the right

    Colour of Transition Metal Complexes

    • The colour of transition metal complexes is a result of d-d transitions - electrons moving between energy levels
    • The energy gap between the d-orbitals corresponds to the wavelength of light absorbed
    • Complexes appear the colour opposite to the colour they absorb

    Magnetism in Transition Metal Complexes

    • Magnetism arises from unpaired electrons in the d-orbitals
    • Diamagnetic materials have all electrons paired, so they are repelled by magnetic fields
    • Paramagnetic materials have unpaired electrons and are attracted to magnetic fields
    • The number of unpaired electrons can be experimentally determined using a Guoy balance

    High Spin and Low Spin Complexes

    • Octahedral complexes with d4, d5, d6, or d7 configurations can have high spin or low spin configurations
    • High spin complexes are formed with weak field ligands, leading to smaller Δoct, and electrons are unpaired in the higher energy d-orbitals
    • Low spin complexes are formed with strong field ligands, leading to larger Δoct, and electrons are paired in the lower energy d-orbitals

    Crystal Field Theory

    • Crystal field theory explains the splitting of d-orbitals in transition metal complexes
    • The energy level splitting depends on the nature and arrangement of the ligands
    • The strength of the interaction between ligands and the metal d-orbitals influences the color and magnetism of the complex
    • Ligand geometry influences the splitting of the d-orbitals and therefore affects the color of the complex
    • Tetrahedral complexes usually have smaller splitting than octahedral complexes
    • Square planar complexes often have a large energy gap between the highest and second highest d-orbital energies

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of the spectrochemical series, the color properties of transition metal complexes, and their magnetic characteristics. This quiz covers the interaction of ligands with metal d-orbitals, the resulting energy splitting, and how these factors influence color and magnetism in these complexes.

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