Transcription Elongation Process

29 Questions

What is the direction of RNA polymerase unwinding the double helix during transcription elongation?

3' to 5'

Which base pairs with Adenine in RNA during transcription?

Uracil

What is the purpose of capping the ends of the mRNA during transcription termination?

To protect the strand from enzyme degradation

What is the function of introns in gene expression?

They do not code for anything and are removed during splicing

What is the purpose of alternate splicing in gene expression?

To combine exons of a gene in different ways

Which type of sequence does not code for anything and is removed through splicing?

Introns

What type of bond forms between the amino acid brought by the second tRNA and the methionine brought in by the first tRNA?

Peptide bond

What happens in the termination process of protein synthesis?

The protein release factor binds to the stop codon

Which level of protein structure involves bonds between the R groups shaping the three-dimensional form?

Tertiary structure

What is the secondary structure of proteins mainly characterized by?

Amino acid sequence getting close together

What process occurs after translation in protein synthesis?

Formation of amino acids

What affects the folding of proteins into three-dimensional shapes?

Attractions and repulsions between components

What structures are formed when DNA double helix is opened at the origins of replication?

Replication forks

In which direction is the leading strand synthesized during DNA replication?

5' to 3'

What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?

Initiate transcription

How is the lagging strand replicated during DNA replication?

Discontinuously as fragments joined later

Where does DNA synthesis occur during DNA replication?

At the replication forks

What type of proteins does human genes encode?

$20,325$ types of proteins

What is the primary function of chaperone proteins in protein folding?

Stabilize partially folded regions

What happens to misfolded proteins tagged with ubiquitin?

They are taken back to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

How do proteins with multiple tags get processed within the cell?

They are taken to a proteasome for degradation

What is the main role of a signal sequence in protein secretion?

Signal the beginning of translation

Which level of protein structure involves bonds between multiple polypeptide chains?

Quaternary structure

What is the Central Dogma theory?

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

During which phase of Cell Division does DNA replication occur?

S phase

Which model of DNA replication proposed that only one strand of DNA is copied?

Semiconservative Model

What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl demonstrate in 1957 regarding DNA replication?

DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism.

What is the final step in the Central Dogma process?

Translation

When does a parental cell need to duplicate its entire genome?

Before Cell Division

Learn about the transcription elongation process where RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix, mRNA is produced in 5’ to 3’ direction, and DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA. Understand the base pairing rules between DNA and RNA during transcription.

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