Training Performance and Age

What is the definition of training and development?

Training and development refer to systematic processes, managed by organizations, that result in a relatively permanent change in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes of its members.

What are the benefits of training and development for organizations?

Training and development allow organizations to be more competitive, more efficient and productive, and to adapt and be more innovative.

How much did the US spend on training and development in 2010?

$171 billion.

Did worker participation and total hours spent in training increase or decrease from 2005 to 2010?

Worker participation and total hours spent in training increased. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between investments in human resources and organizational effectiveness?

Studies show a direct relationship between investments in human resources and organizational effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What were the three domains of success that lead to competitive advantage according to Boudreau and Ramstad?

The three domains of success that lead to competitive advantage according to Boudreau and Ramstad are finance, products or markets, and human capital. Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall conclusion about the effectiveness of well-designed training?

Well-designed training works, as evidenced by various effect sizes and their positive impact on organizational outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the six steps in Goldstein's Instructional System Design (ISD) model?

<ol> <li>managing the instructional system (as a process), 2. conducting a training needs assessment to define training content, 3. training design, 4. delivering training, 5. managing transfer of training back to the job, 6. evaluating the impact of training and revising the instructional system based on that data</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a psychologist in training and development?

The role of a psychologist in training and development is to contribute to the design, implementation, and evaluation of training programs based on psychological principles and theories Signup and view all the answers

What are the within-person and organizational-level variables influencing learning in Noe's model?

Within-person variables: trainee motivation to learn, Organizational-level variables: whether training was voluntary or mandatory Signup and view all the answers

What is needs assessment in training and development?

Needs assessment is an ongoing process of gathering data to determine the training needs that exist in an organization in order to develop training programs that help the organization achieve its objectives Signup and view all the answers

What are the four steps in the reframing of needs assessment proposed by Surface (2012)?

<ol> <li>Needs identification, 2. Needs specification, 3. Training needs assessment (organizational, task, and person analyses), 4. Evolution phase (determining the impact of training)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the outcomes of needs assessment?

The most important outcome is the decision whether training should be conducted and for whom and what. Other outcomes include understanding trainee's motivation and the potential influence of individual and situational characteristics on training outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is Aptitude by Treatment Interactions (ATI)?

Aptitude by Treatment Interactions (ATI) refers to the concept that some instructional strategies may be more effective for certain individuals based on their specific abilities or characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is transfer of training?

Transfer of training refers to the extent to which trainees effectively apply the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained from training to their job. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of demonstrating that new knowledge or behavior must be used to generalize and be maintained over some period of time?

It is important to demonstrate that new knowledge or behavior must be used to generalize and be maintained over time in order to ensure that the training has a lasting impact on job performance. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can facilitate transfer of training?

The design of the training program and the presence of a supportive transfer environment in the job can facilitate the transfer of training. Signup and view all the answers

What is transfer climate?

Transfer climate refers to a broad set of organizational variables that affect the extent to which training is applied to the job and leads to better performance. Signup and view all the answers

What did the meta-analysis by Blume et al. (2010) find regarding factors influencing transfer?

The meta-analysis found support for transfer climate and general work environment factors as predictors for both transfer motivation and actual transfer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social support for transfer?

The role of social support for transfer is mixed and not clearly supported by empirical results. Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraiger & Cullbertson (2012) suggest as three post-training factors that influence transfer?

Kraiger & Cullbertson (2012) suggest that situational constraints, organizational support, and transfer climate influence transfer. Signup and view all the answers

What are two specific trainings mentioned in the text that foster transfer?

Behavioral modeling and error management training are mentioned as two specific trainings that foster transfer. Signup and view all the answers

What future research topics are mentioned in the text?

The text mentions future research interest in how learners gain and combine packets of knowledge, the impact of social media on training, and the need for a better understanding of the social, political, and technical environment in which training is held and transferred back to the job. Signup and view all the answers

What are some specific training design features mentioned in the text?

Some specific training design features mentioned in the text include active learning, error management training, self-regulation, and technology-delivered instruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is error management training and how does it benefit trainees?

Error management training is an active learning technique that encourages trainees to make errors. It helps trainees understand the causes of errors and develop strategies to avoid similar errors in the future. It also minimizes the negative effects of errors on motivation and self-efficacy, and improves job performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-regulation and why is it useful in training?

Self-regulation is when trainees monitor and control their own learning processes, including attention to and active engagement with the training content. It is useful in training because it helps trainees take meaningful action when needed, potentiating adaptive transfer. It is particularly effective for activities related to goal level, persistence, effort, and self-efficacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is technology-delivered instruction (TDI) and what factors should be considered in its design?

Technology-delivered instruction (TDI) refers to any form of training that is delivered principally via technology. In its design, factors such as structuring and presenting information in a meaningful and easy way, balancing learner control with guidance, providing opportunities for practice and feedback, and encouraging learners to be mindful of cognitive processing and take control of their own learning (self-regulation) should be considered. Signup and view all the answers

What are some benefits and risks associated with technology-delivered instruction (TDI)?

Some benefits of TDI include flexibility and opportunities for reflection and study before having to give answers. However, learner control received mixed support. To mitigate this, combining learner control with adaptive guidance can improve trainees' study and practice effort, knowledge acquired, and performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is training evaluation and what are some frameworks/models mentioned in the text?

Training evaluation is the systematic collection of data to determine whether learning objectives were achieved and whether the accomplishment of objectives resulted in enhanced job performance. Two frameworks/models mentioned in the text are Kirkpatrick's hierarchy and Kraiger, Ford & Salas' multidimensional learning model. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different levels of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy for assessing training outcomes?

The different levels of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy are: trainee reactions (liking), learning (declarative knowledge and skills), behavior (job performance), and results (more profit, fewer errors - tangible). Higher-level outcomes are not expected to change unless lower-level outcomes are met. Signup and view all the answers

Training and development refer to systematic processes, managed by organizations, that results in a relatively permanent change in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes ______ its members

of Signup and view all the answers

US spent $171 billion on ______ & development (2010)

training Signup and view all the answers

Expenditures stayed relatively stable but worker participation and total hours spent in ______ increased over time (2005-2010)

training Signup and view all the answers

Active Learning = encouraging trainees to ask questions, explore, seek feedback, and reflect on potential ______

results Signup and view all the answers

Error Management Training = encouraging trainees to make ______

errors Signup and view all the answers

Self-regulation = trainees monitor and control their own learning processes, including attention to and active engagement with the ______ content

training Signup and view all the answers

Technology-delivered instruction (TDI) = any form of training that is delivered principally via ______

technology Signup and view all the answers

Sound training practices results in o higher employee ______

satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

Training needs assessment helps define training ______

content Signup and view all the answers

Modern training was mainly influenced by three main ______

papers Signup and view all the answers

The most important outcome of needs assessment is the decision whether training should be conducted and for ______

whom Signup and view all the answers

Transfer of training is the extent to which trainees effectively apply the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained from training to the ______.

job Signup and view all the answers

To maximize transfer, training should be designed as similar as possible to the ______ job.

actual Signup and view all the answers

Transfer climate is a broad set of organizational variables that affect the extent to which training is applied to the job and leads to better ______.

performance Signup and view all the answers

Kraiger & Cullbertson (2012) suggest three post-training factors which influence ______.

transfer Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of training and development?

What are the benefits of training and development for organizations?

How much did the US spend on training and development in 2010?

Did worker participation and total hours spent in training increase or decrease from 2005 to 2010?

What is the relationship between investments in human resources and organizational effectiveness?

What were the three domains of success that lead to competitive advantage according to Boudreau and Ramstad?

What is the overall conclusion about the effectiveness of well-designed training?

What are the six steps in Goldstein's Instructional System Design (ISD) model?

What is the role of a psychologist in training and development?

What are the within-person and organizational-level variables influencing learning in Noe's model?

What is needs assessment in training and development?

What are the four steps in the reframing of needs assessment proposed by Surface (2012)?

What are the outcomes of needs assessment?

What is Aptitude by Treatment Interactions (ATI)?

What is transfer of training?

What is the importance of demonstrating that new knowledge or behavior must be used to generalize and be maintained over some period of time?

What factors can facilitate transfer of training?

What is transfer climate?

What did the meta-analysis by Blume et al. (2010) find regarding factors influencing transfer?

What is the role of social support for transfer?

What did Kraiger & Cullbertson (2012) suggest as three post-training factors that influence transfer?

What are two specific trainings mentioned in the text that foster transfer?

What future research topics are mentioned in the text?

What are some specific training design features mentioned in the text?

What is error management training and how does it benefit trainees?

What is self-regulation and why is it useful in training?

What is technology-delivered instruction (TDI) and what factors should be considered in its design?

What are some benefits and risks associated with technology-delivered instruction (TDI)?

What is training evaluation and what are some frameworks/models mentioned in the text?

What are the different levels of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy for assessing training outcomes?

Training and development refer to systematic processes, managed by organizations, that results in a relatively permanent change in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes ______ its members

US spent $171 billion on ______ & development (2010)

Expenditures stayed relatively stable but worker participation and total hours spent in ______ increased over time (2005-2010)

Active Learning = encouraging trainees to ask questions, explore, seek feedback, and reflect on potential ______

Error Management Training = encouraging trainees to make ______

Self-regulation = trainees monitor and control their own learning processes, including attention to and active engagement with the ______ content

Technology-delivered instruction (TDI) = any form of training that is delivered principally via ______

Sound training practices results in o higher employee ______

Training needs assessment helps define training ______

Modern training was mainly influenced by three main ______

The most important outcome of needs assessment is the decision whether training should be conducted and for ______

Transfer of training is the extent to which trainees effectively apply the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained from training to the ______.

To maximize transfer, training should be designed as similar as possible to the ______ job.

Transfer climate is a broad set of organizational variables that affect the extent to which training is applied to the job and leads to better ______.

Kraiger & Cullbertson (2012) suggest three post-training factors which influence ______.

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