34 Questions
What is the total ATP production per glucose molecule after glycolysis, PDH, and Krebs cycle?
30 ATP
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
Delivering/moving oxygen throughout the body, removing carbon dioxide, delivering nutrients, thermoregulation, removing waste, clotting (damage), communication, hormones, immune response, pH buffering
What is cardiac output?
The total amount of volume of blood pumped per minute
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped per beat
What factors affect stroke volume?
Preload, afterload, contractility
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Increased stretch in ventricles (more blood in heart) causes increased force of contraction
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
Ejection fraction (EF) = \frac{SV}{EDV}
What is the average ejection fraction?
The average ejection fraction is 54%.
What happens to stroke volume during moderate exercise?
Stroke volume increases during moderate exercise.
What happens to stroke volume during heavy exercise?
Stroke volume increases during heavy exercise, but there is a more significant downward drift or dip in stroke volume.
What causes a decrease in venous return during exercise?
Thermoregulation, sweating, and increased blood flow to the skin decrease venous return during exercise.
What is the equation for calculating maximum heart rate?
Maximum heart rate = 220 - \text{age}
What is the equation for calculating the heart rate-pressure product (RPP)?
RPP = \text{SBP} \times \text{HR}
What is the formula for resistance?
Resistance (TPR) = Pressure / Flow
How does resistance change when pressure increases?
If pressure increases, resistance will also increase
How does resistance change when flow decreases?
If flow decreases, resistance will increase
What is the formula for flow?
Flow (F) = Pressure (P) / Resistance (R)
How does flow change when pressure increases?
If pressure increases, flow will also increase
How does flow change when resistance decreases?
If resistance decreases, flow will increase
What is Poiseuille's Law?
Q = \frac{\pi \Delta P r^4},{8 \eta L}
What is the relationship between blood flow rate and vessel diameter?
Blood flow rate (Q) is directly proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius (r)
What is the formula for Reynolds number?
Re = \frac{\rho v d},{\eta}
What is the primary fuel source for high-intensity sprint training?
Carbohydrates, specifically muscle glycogen.
Which fuel sources are utilized more frequently as intensity decreases?
Blood glucose and fatty acids.
What limits the transport of carbohydrates into cells?
Glucose transporters, specifically GLUT-1 and GLUT-4.
What stimulates the activity of GLUT-4?
Insulin release.
Why do trained individuals have higher glycogen levels?
Supercompensation.
In trained individuals, which muscle fibers utilize lactate as fuel?
Type 2 muscle fibers.
What limits the utilization of fat as fuel?
Availability of free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood and the capacity to oxidize them.
What is the involvement of protein in fuel utilization during exercise?
Minimal, but there is increased alanine production and removal for gluconeogenesis.
How do enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and lactate conversion adapt to aerobic and anaerobic training?
They adapt differently.
What are the mitochondrial adaptations to training?
Increase in mitochondrial volume and changes in the type of mitochondria present.
What is the role of myoglobin in training?
Enhancing the capacity for oxygen transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
Study Notes
Training Adaptations in Sprinting and Aerobic Systems
- Sprint training primarily targets the glycolytic system, which experiences a significant increase in response to this type of training.
- Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for high-intensity sprint training, with muscle glycogen being the primary source at very high power outputs.
- As intensity decreases, other fuel sources such as blood glucose and fatty acids are utilized more frequently.
- The transport of carbohydrates into cells is limited by glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4), with the latter being insulin-stimulated.
- Exercise stimulates insulin release, which increases the activity of GLUT-4 and allows glucose to enter the cells more effectively.
- Trained individuals have higher glycogen levels due to supercompensation, allowing for higher intensity and longer duration of exercise.
- Lactate is better utilized as fuel in trained individuals, specifically in type 2 muscle fibers.
- The utilization of fat as fuel is limited by the availability of free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood and the capacity to oxidize them.
- Protein has minimal involvement in fuel utilization during exercise, but there is increased alanine production and removal for gluconeogenesis.
- Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and lactate conversion adapt differently to aerobic and anaerobic training.
- Mitochondrial adaptations include an increase in mitochondrial volume and the type of mitochondria present (subsarcolemmal vs intermyofibrillar).
- Myoglobin levels increase with training, enhancing the capacity for oxygen transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
Test your knowledge on the training adaptations in sprinting and aerobic systems with this quiz. Learn about fuel sources, glycogen levels, lactate utilization, fat oxidation, and mitochondrial adaptations. Challenge yourself to understand the impact of training on these physiological processes.
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