Training Adaptations in Sprinting and Aerobic Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the total ATP production per glucose molecule after glycolysis, PDH, and Krebs cycle?

30 ATP

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

Delivering/moving oxygen throughout the body, removing carbon dioxide, delivering nutrients, thermoregulation, removing waste, clotting (damage), communication, hormones, immune response, pH buffering

What is cardiac output?

The total amount of volume of blood pumped per minute

What is the equation for cardiac output?

<p>Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume?

<p>The volume of blood pumped per beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect stroke volume?

<p>Preload, afterload, contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

<p>Increased stretch in ventricles (more blood in heart) causes increased force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

<p>Ejection fraction (EF) = \frac{SV}{EDV}</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average ejection fraction?

<p>The average ejection fraction is 54%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stroke volume during moderate exercise?

<p>Stroke volume increases during moderate exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stroke volume during heavy exercise?

<p>Stroke volume increases during heavy exercise, but there is a more significant downward drift or dip in stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a decrease in venous return during exercise?

<p>Thermoregulation, sweating, and increased blood flow to the skin decrease venous return during exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating maximum heart rate?

<p>Maximum heart rate = 220 - \text{age}</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating the heart rate-pressure product (RPP)?

<p>RPP = \text{SBP} \times \text{HR}</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for resistance?

<p>Resistance (TPR) = Pressure / Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does resistance change when pressure increases?

<p>If pressure increases, resistance will also increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does resistance change when flow decreases?

<p>If flow decreases, resistance will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for flow?

<p>Flow (F) = Pressure (P) / Resistance (R)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does flow change when pressure increases?

<p>If pressure increases, flow will also increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does flow change when resistance decreases?

<p>If resistance decreases, flow will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Poiseuille's Law?

<p>Q = \frac{\pi \Delta P r^4},{8 \eta L}</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between blood flow rate and vessel diameter?

<p>Blood flow rate (Q) is directly proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius (r)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Reynolds number?

<p>Re = \frac{\rho v d},{\eta}</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fuel source for high-intensity sprint training?

<p>Carbohydrates, specifically muscle glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fuel sources are utilized more frequently as intensity decreases?

<p>Blood glucose and fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the transport of carbohydrates into cells?

<p>Glucose transporters, specifically GLUT-1 and GLUT-4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the activity of GLUT-4?

<p>Insulin release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do trained individuals have higher glycogen levels?

<p>Supercompensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In trained individuals, which muscle fibers utilize lactate as fuel?

<p>Type 2 muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the utilization of fat as fuel?

<p>Availability of free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood and the capacity to oxidize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the involvement of protein in fuel utilization during exercise?

<p>Minimal, but there is increased alanine production and removal for gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and lactate conversion adapt to aerobic and anaerobic training?

<p>They adapt differently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mitochondrial adaptations to training?

<p>Increase in mitochondrial volume and changes in the type of mitochondria present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myoglobin in training?

<p>Enhancing the capacity for oxygen transport and oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Training Adaptations in Sprinting and Aerobic Systems

  • Sprint training primarily targets the glycolytic system, which experiences a significant increase in response to this type of training.
  • Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for high-intensity sprint training, with muscle glycogen being the primary source at very high power outputs.
  • As intensity decreases, other fuel sources such as blood glucose and fatty acids are utilized more frequently.
  • The transport of carbohydrates into cells is limited by glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4), with the latter being insulin-stimulated.
  • Exercise stimulates insulin release, which increases the activity of GLUT-4 and allows glucose to enter the cells more effectively.
  • Trained individuals have higher glycogen levels due to supercompensation, allowing for higher intensity and longer duration of exercise.
  • Lactate is better utilized as fuel in trained individuals, specifically in type 2 muscle fibers.
  • The utilization of fat as fuel is limited by the availability of free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood and the capacity to oxidize them.
  • Protein has minimal involvement in fuel utilization during exercise, but there is increased alanine production and removal for gluconeogenesis.
  • Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and lactate conversion adapt differently to aerobic and anaerobic training.
  • Mitochondrial adaptations include an increase in mitochondrial volume and the type of mitochondria present (subsarcolemmal vs intermyofibrillar).
  • Myoglobin levels increase with training, enhancing the capacity for oxygen transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

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