Train Operations and Safety Measures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key reason for the need for Automatic Train Protection (ATP)?

It decreases the distance between two trains.

It helps prevent collisions during periods of poor visibility. (correct)

It provides real-time updates on train speed.

It indicates the exact location of the train.

Which of the following is NOT a limitation mentioned regarding driver visibility?

Driver's physical eyesight (correct)

Curvature of the track

Weather conditions

The distance to the next signal

In block sections, how does the driver operate the train?

Blindly, until reaching the next signal. (correct)

With constant communication to the control center.

By relying solely on visual signals.

Using automated controls only.

What is one of the safety measures mentioned for train operation?

Maintaining a higher margin in speed. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does track gradient have on train operation, according to the content?

It must be monitored for collision prevention. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'BLOCK SECTIONS' refer to in train operations?

Sections of track drivers cannot see into. Signup and view all the answers

How does weather impact train operations as discussed in the content?

It can significantly impair visibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of not having accurate indicators like speed and distance for drivers?

Increased risk of accidents or collisions. Signup and view all the answers

What encryption standard is utilized for communication between Loco KAVACH and Stationary KAVACH?

AES 128 encryption Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tower is constructed for radio connectivity at HFZ station and LPI?

Self-supported Lattice tower Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency allocated for loco-to-loco communication in the KAVACH system?

441.8 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What type of cable is used for data connection with the RFID reader and tachometer?

0.5 mm shielded twisted pair cable Signup and view all the answers

How does one loco identify another loco in a non-KAVACH mandatory zone if both approach on the same track?

Using radio communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum size of the communication packets between S KAVACH and L KAVACH?

256 KB Signup and view all the answers

What is the height at which radio modems are placed on the tower?

10 meters Signup and view all the answers

How many radio modems are installed for communication?

Two radio modems Signup and view all the answers

What type of cable connectivity is used from radio modems to antennas?

Co-axial cables Signup and view all the answers

How many antennas are provided on the tower?

Four antennas Signup and view all the answers

What is the gain of the antennas in dB?

9 dB Signup and view all the answers

How many fibres (cores) are there in the OFC cable?

6 cores Signup and view all the answers

What type of SPD is provided in the radio modems?

Class C type SPD Signup and view all the answers

What type of antennas are used on the tower?

Dipole Omni directional antennas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following voltage is required for the radio modems?

24V Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the OFC cable from the radio tower to Stationary KAVACH?

400 meters Signup and view all the answers

What is the default ceiling speed for the Loco KAVACH unit in Post Trip Mode?

15 kmph Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency bands are allocated for LTE in Indian Railways?

703-748 MHz and 758-803 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for the LTE system to support voice communications in railways?

It should allow any combination of fixed and mobile equipment users. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services is NOT mentioned as a requirement for the LTE system?

Mission Critical Messaging Signup and view all the answers

What transmission bandwidth configuration does the LTE system support at a minimum?

5 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows the LTE system to maintain coverage in case of an eNode-B failure?

100% Coverage Overlap Signup and view all the answers

Which duplexing method is supported by the LTE system?

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) Signup and view all the answers

What type of carrier technology does the LTE system support?

Carrier Aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for collision prevention in V2X applications?

Support for MCX aliases and functional addressing Signup and view all the answers

Which network elements are part of the EPC?

Serving Gateway, PDN Gateway, MME, PCRF, HSS Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum frequency of operation specified for the LTE system?

700 MHZ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the functional requirements for mobile equipment?

Provision of Cab Radio Systems for train compartments Signup and view all the answers

What coverage requirement is specified for the LTE radio network?

Double radio coverage for redundancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the specified coverage distance for E-UTRAN from the nearest running rail?

30 meters Signup and view all the answers

What feature does the Cab Radio System provide?

Mission critical Voice and Data communication Signup and view all the answers

Which type of communication is preferable as per the specification?

V2X Communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Stationary KAVACH unit at interlocked Level Crossing Gate locations?

To transmit movement authority based on various parameters. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Stationary KAVACH unit determine the length of the movement authority?

Based on the signal aspect of the approaching Stop Signal. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a signal on approach is Red (Danger)?

The movement authority is reduced to zero, and brakes may be applied. Signup and view all the answers

Which component communicates with the Stationary KAVACH to fetch remote signaling functions?

Remote Interface Unit (RIU) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is employed by the Loco unit to manage speed under different situations?

Speed profile and brake curve generation. Signup and view all the answers

In case of conflicting signals or statuses, what does the Stationary KAVACH unit do?

It transmits the most restrictive aspect and adjusts movement authority. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Stationary KAVACH communicate with the Loco KAVACH?

Using UHF Radio communication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Driver Machine Interface (DMI) in the Loco KAVACH unit?

To display train speed and other critical parameters to the loco pilot. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

KAVACH Telecommunication Techniques

KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system by Indian Railways to prevent train collisions.
It uses different telecommunication techniques for communication between stationary and loco units.
The system uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags on the track and Loco KAVACH units in the locomotive.
RFID tags transmit location and other data.
The Loco KAVACH unit receives data from RFID tags, then transmits location, speed to the Stationary KAVACH.
KAVACH uses UHF Radio Communication for communication.
KAVACH uses GPS/GNSS for time synchronization.
GSM/GPRS is used to transfer authentication keys.
The system uses a Key Management System (KMS) to manage keys.
It includes a Driver Machine Interface (DMI) for loco pilot interaction.
A Station Master Operation cum Indication Panel (SMOCIP) for station operation.
A Remote Interface Unit (RIU) for remote signaling gear control.

KAVACH Communication

KAVACH uses a Multiple Access Scheme (TDMA/FDMA) for communication.
Communication is based on specific timeslots for each unit.
The overlap zone in communication mandates at least two RFID tags within a 1km radius from the first signal.
The system allows for termination of communication when a loco moves beyond the last signal of a station or due to other conditions.
It uses 2 radio frequency pairs for synchronization (e.g. 456.8 MHz/416.8 MHz & 466.8 MHz/426.8 MHz).
The system supports communication in the 406-470 MHz frequency range.

KAVACH Safety Features

KAVACH features speed restrictions at turnouts.
It ensures compliance with permanent speed restrictions.
It features real-time speed monitoring and warnings for unsafe maneuvers.
KAVACH provides collision prevention mechanisms for head-on, rear-end, and side-on collisions.
The system automatically alerts and applies brakes in emergency situations, such as signal failures, to prevent Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD).
KAVACH supports automatic emergency brake application.

KAVACH System Architecture

KAVACH system architecture encompasses Trackside, Station, and Loco subsystems.
Trackside subsystem includes RFID tags installed along the tracks.
Station subsystem encompasses a Vital Computer, Radio Unit, and a Station Master Operation cum Indication Panel.
The Loco subsystem includes a Vital Computer, RFID Reader, Radio Unit, a Brake Interface Unit (BIU), and a Driver Machine Interface (DMI).

KAVACH Failures & Protection

Radio communication failure occurs if no data is received from the stationary unit for a certain duration (e.g., 30 seconds).
In case of RFID reader failure, loco will switch to system failure mode.
GPS/GNSS or RTC failure causes the system to fall back to CPU time for a limited duration.
Driver Machine Interface (DMI) communication failure triggers a system failure mode in the loco.
Loco KAVACH uses a Key Management System (KMS) for secure key exchange.
KMS uses either SMS or another secure method for key transmissions.
Safety features include prevention of Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD) and unusual block section stoppage.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key aspects of train operations, including Automatic Train Protection (ATP) and the impact of track gradients and weather. This quiz covers various safety measures, communication standards, and the functionality of the KAVACH system in ensuring effective train management.