Questions and Answers
Leased lines allow organizations to pay a one-time fee to a service provider for usage.
False
T-carrier systems are primarily used in Europe.
False
E-carrier provides E1 links that support bandwidth up to 2.048 Mbps.
True
The maximum bandwidth of a T3 link is $43.7$ Mbps.
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Point-to-point lines can be leased from a service provider.
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The term 'leased lines' is used because organizations pay a fee for dedicated time slots.
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Traditional WAN connectivity options emerged in the 1990s with the advent of LANs.
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E3 links in the E-carrier system support bandwidth up to 34.368 Mbps.
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An organization typically chooses a single-carrier WAN connection for increased redundancy.
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A dual-carrier connection increases network availability by negotiating separate SLAs with two different service providers.
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A service level agreement (SLA) typically outlines the reliability and availability of a connection between the customer and the carrier.
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As a business grows, its network requirements generally remain static and do not change over time.
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A carrier owns and maintains the physical connection and equipment in a WAN setup.
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The Local Loop is the fiber cable that connects the CPE to the CO of the service provider.
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A Backbone network is used exclusively for connecting end-user devices.
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The CSU/DSU is used to connect a digital device to an analog line.
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Voiceband modems operate by utilizing fiber-optic connections.
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Dial-up modems are considered legacy devices.
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The backhaul network connects multiple access nodes of the service provider network.
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DSL modems are considered broadband modems and connect to the DTE router using Ethernet.
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The term 'Toll network' refers to the physical location of the service provider's central office.
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An Optical Converter is used to connect fiber-optic media to wireless networks.
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The Central office (CO) is the facility that connects the CPE to the provider network.
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Fiber to the Home (FTTH) means that fiber reaches the user's living space directly.
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Fiber to the Node (FTTN) uses optical cabling to connect directly to individual apartments.
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Wireless technology for internet connectivity requires a licensed radio spectrum.
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Municipal Wi-Fi networks are often provided at no cost to users.
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Satellite Internet is generally suitable for urban areas with access to DSL.
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Cellular technology includes 3G, 4G, 5G, and LTE.
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Heavy rains can enhance the satellite signal quality.
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Fiber to the Building (FTTB) provides fiber connectivity to individual living spaces directly.
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FTTx is capable of delivering higher bandwidth than other broadband options.
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A router connects to a cable modem to utilize Satellite Internet.
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A Wireless Router is primarily designed to connect devices to a local area network (LAN).
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Serial communication transmits bits simultaneously over multiple channels.
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Long distances in parallel communication require sensitive synchronization timing.
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Circuit-switched communication establishes a dedicated path before communication can begin.
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The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is an example of packet-switched WAN technology.
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Parallel communication can be used over long distances without issues.
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Layer 3 switches are part of the WAN backbone infrastructure.
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All communication in a circuit-switched network uses different paths.
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Parallel communication is more efficient than serial communication over long distances.
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a type of public switched telephone network.
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Study Notes
Traditional WAN Connectivity
- Emerged in response to interconnectivity needs after LANs appeared in the 1980s.
- Organizations connected to local loops of service providers via dedicated or switched lines.
Common WAN Terminology
- Leased Lines: Monthly fees paid for point-to-point lines from a service provider.
- T-carrier: North American system; T1 supports 1.544 Mbps, T3 supports 43.7 Mbps.
- E-carrier: European system; E1 supports 2.048 Mbps, E3 supports 34.368 Mbps.
Internet-Based Connectivity
-
Fiber to the x (FTTx): High-bandwidth solution including:
- FTTH: Fiber to the Home.
- FTTB: Fiber to the Building.
- FTTN: Fiber to the Node, where optical signals are converted for local connections.
Wireless Internet-Based Broadband
- Municipal Wi-Fi: Free or low-cost city-wide high-speed internet.
- Cellular Technology: Connects devices via mobile towers (3G, 4G, 5G, LTE).
- Satellite Internet: For remote areas; signal quality affected by weather.
WAN Operations - Common Terminology
- Local Loop: The last mile connection to customer premises equipment (CPE).
- Central Office (CO): Facility connecting CPE to the provider network.
- Toll Network: Includes all backend components like switches and routers.
- Backhaul Network: Connects multiple access nodes of the provider network.
- Backbone Network: High-capacity networks interconnecting service providers.
WAN Devices
- Dial-up Modem: Connects using telephone lines, now largely obsolete.
- Broadband Modems (DSL/Cable): High-speed connections via Ethernet.
- CSU/DSU: Connects digital devices to digital lines for leased lines.
- Optical Converter: Bridges fiber-optic and copper media.
- Wireless Router/Access Point: Facilitates wireless WAN connectivity.
Serial Communication
- Utilizes one channel for sequential bit transmission.
- Parallel communication is less common due to synchronization issues over distances.
Circuit-Switched Communication
- Establishes a dedicated circuit for all communication between endpoints.
- Common technologies include PSTN and ISDN.
Purpose of WANs - Carrier Connections
- Organizations sign SLAs with service providers, defining reliability and availability.
- A service provider may not be the physical carrier, which maintains the connection equipment.
- Single-Carrier Connection: Connects to one provider with one SLA.
- Dual-Carrier Connection: Provides redundancy with SLAs from two separate providers.
Purpose of WANs - Evolving Networks
- Network requirements evolve as organizations grow; adaptative infrastructure is essential to meet operational needs.
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Description
Explore the various traditional WAN connectivity options available. This quiz aims to enhance your understanding of the methods used for network communication. Test your knowledge and learn more about these essential networking concepts.
