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Questions and Answers
Which vitamin is used as an antidote for Megaloblastic anemia caused by a deficiency of Cobalt (Co)?
Which vitamin is used as an antidote for Megaloblastic anemia caused by a deficiency of Cobalt (Co)?
What is a significant toxicological effect of Iron (Fe) overdose?
What is a significant toxicological effect of Iron (Fe) overdose?
What is the primary radiopharmaceutical used for thyroid scanning?
What is the primary radiopharmaceutical used for thyroid scanning?
What is the primary indication of Tc99m macro aggregated albumin in diagnostic imaging?
What is the primary indication of Tc99m macro aggregated albumin in diagnostic imaging?
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What is a potential consequence of chronic exposure to iodine?
What is a potential consequence of chronic exposure to iodine?
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What is the primary application of Se75 selenomethionine in medicine?
What is the primary application of Se75 selenomethionine in medicine?
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Which of the following is a sign of fluorine toxicity?
Which of the following is a sign of fluorine toxicity?
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What type of imaging studies is Tc99m IDA used for?
What type of imaging studies is Tc99m IDA used for?
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Which of the following agents is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning?
Which of the following agents is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning?
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What is the primary effect of Chromium exposure in the body?
What is the primary effect of Chromium exposure in the body?
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What are the symptoms associated with bromine toxicity?
What are the symptoms associated with bromine toxicity?
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What could indicate a low calcium level in the presence of fluoride exposure?
What could indicate a low calcium level in the presence of fluoride exposure?
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In which organ would you use Tc99m heptagluconate for imaging?
In which organ would you use Tc99m heptagluconate for imaging?
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What disease is associated with cadmium exposure?
What disease is associated with cadmium exposure?
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Which of the following options is NOT a heavy metal poisoning treatment?
Which of the following options is NOT a heavy metal poisoning treatment?
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Which glass type is referred to as 'highly resistant'?
Which glass type is referred to as 'highly resistant'?
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Which substance is the best antidote for mercury poisoning?
Which substance is the best antidote for mercury poisoning?
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What is a common effect of mercury exposure in children?
What is a common effect of mercury exposure in children?
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What does boric acid toxicity resemble?
What does boric acid toxicity resemble?
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Which glass type should not be used for parenteral applications?
Which glass type should not be used for parenteral applications?
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Which metallic element increases the refractive index of glass?
Which metallic element increases the refractive index of glass?
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Study Notes
Selenium (Se)
- Keshan disease is a deficiency related to Selenium
- Contact dermatitis can occur due to Selenium toxicity
Chromium (Cr)
- Hyperglycemia can occur resulting in diabetes-like symptoms
Fluorine (F)
- Dental fluorosis (enamel mottling) and skeletal fluorosis are toxicities associated with Fluorine
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF) and Fluoride salts can cause slow-healing burns
- Calcium gluconate can be used as an antidote forming insoluble Calcium Fluoride precipitate
Bromine (Br)
- Bromism can occur leading to psychosis, skin eruptions, headaches, and weakness
- Sodium or ammonium chloride can be used as an antidote forming a Sodium bromide precipitate
Iodine (I)
- Simple or colloid goiter can develop due to Iodine deficiency, especially caution is needed in pregnant women as this could lead to cretinism (Congenital hypothyroidism)
- Iodism is an acute toxicity related to Iodine, while chronic exposure leads to hypothyroidism due to negative feedback effects
- To treat Iodine poisoning, starch solution forms a dark blue starch-iodo complex, while sodium chloride and sodium thiosulfate can be used for Iodine determination
Manganese (Mn)
- Parkinson-like symptoms such as tremors can occur due to Manganese exposure
Helium (He)
- A characteristic Donald duck sound can be heard due to Helium inhalation
Iron (Fe)
- GI irritation leading to black stools (Fe2S3), hemochromatosis, and cardiac collapse are associated with Iron toxicity
- Deferoxamine is an antidote for Iron poisoning
Cobalt (Co)
- Megaloblastic or Macrocytic anemia can occur due to Cobalt deficiency
- Hydroxocobalamin and Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) are antidotes for Cobalt poisoning
Cadmium (Cd)
- Itai-itai disease (Ouch-ouch disease) is characterized by excruciating pain and can occur due to Cadmium poisoning
- A mixture of Silica and Sodium carbonate is used for Cadmium detection
- Ca EDTA is the immediate antidote for Cadmium poisoning and palliative care is recommended
Mercury (Hg)
- Mercury is neurotoxic and causes Minamata disease or Pink disease (Acrodynia in children)
- Mad Hatter's disease or Erethism can occur due to Mercury exposure
- Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is the best antidote for Mercury poisoning as it reduces Hg2+ to Hg22+ (less soluble)
- Disulfiram (DMSA) is a water-soluble analog of BAL used for all types of Mercury poisoning
- Penicillamine is used for elemental Mercury poisoning, while BAL is used for inorganic salts only
- Ca EDTA can also be used as an antidote for Mercury poisoning
Boric acid
- Boric acid poisoning can result in a boiled lobster appearance due to a reddish-orange skin discoloration due to dermal absorption
Glass Types
- Highly resistant borosilicate glass (Pyrex, Borosil) is Type I glass
- Boron is used to decrease the coefficient of expansion in Type I glass
- Treated soda lime glass is Type II glass
- Soda lime glass for dry powder packaging is Type III glass
- General soda lime glass is type IV / NP glass
- Type IV glass is not for parenteral use
Leach tests
- Water attack test is used for evaluating Type II glass
- Powdered glass test is used for evaluating Type I and Type III glass
Glass Modification
- Brown/amber glass is light resistant
- Red glass involves the addition of Selenium
- Manganese dioxide masks the blue-green color of iron usually present in glass
- Borate addition is used for decreasing coefficient of expansion
- Lead leads to an increase in the refractive index
- Rare earth metals are used to selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths
Radiopharmaceuticals
- Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid) - Hepatobiliary studies
- Tc99m phytate - Liver imaging for potency studies
- Au198 - Liver scanning
- I131 Rose Bengal - tracer of liver function
- Na iodohippurate - Diagnosis of Liver function
Kidney
- Tc99m heptagluconate - Kidney imaging for Renal function determination
- Hg197 chlormerodrin - Kidney & Brain scintillation scanning
Heart
- Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxy isobutyl isonitrile - Myocardial perfusion agent
- I131 NaI - Cardiac output determination - blood plasma volume
Thyroid
- Tc99m pertechnetate - Thyroid scanning
- I125 NaI - Diagnosis of Thyroid function
Others
- Tc99m etidronate/ phosphonates - Bone imaging
- Tc99m macro aggregated albumin - Lung scanning
- Cr51 - Spleen imaging, RBC mass
- P32 Na phosphate - Treatment of Polycythemia vera (high RBC)
- Co57 cyanocobalamin - Diagnosis of Pernicious anemia
- Se75 selenomethionine - Diagnosis of Pancreatic tumors
Important Alloys
- Plumber’s Solider - 67% Pb, 33% Sn
- Solder - 50 % Pb, 50% Sn
- Pewter - 20% Pb, 80% Sn
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Description
This quiz covers various trace minerals including Selenium, Chromium, Fluorine, Bromine, and Iodine. It addresses deficiencies, toxicities, antidotes, and their physiological effects. Test your knowledge on how these elements impact health and disease.
