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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Which component of the plant cell wall is primarily responsible for its rigidity?
What is the structure that glues adjacent plant cells together?
What characterizes the secondary cell wall of plant cells?
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During cell division, chromatin coils up to form which structure?
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What structure surrounds and protects the nucleus of a plant cell?
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What aspect of the cell wall contributes to its ability to resist osmotic pressure?
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What is the primary composition of the primary cell wall?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?
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What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?
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What role do dictyosomes play in the cell?
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Which organelles are primarily involved in energy production?
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What is a key function of peroxisomes in plant cells?
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What is the primary role of chloroplasts in plastids?
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Why is the central vacuole important for plant cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of plastids?
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Study Notes
Plant Cell
- Plant cells are eukaryotic and contain organelles. The key difference between plant cells and other eukaryotic cells is the presence of a cell wall
Cell Wall
- Rigid cell wall made up of cellulose fibrils.
- Provides structural support, maintains cell shape and resists internal pressure
- Cellulose fibrils are deposited in alternating layers for strength
- Contains pits (openings) for cell communication and allows for transport
- Primary cell wall is the first cell wall, thin, flexible and extensible
- Secondary cell wall is thicker and rich in lignin which strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall
- Middle lamella is a pectin-rich layer that glues adjacent cells together
Nucleus
- Contains the genetic material (DNA) and associated proteins called histones, which form chromatin.
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores which regulate macromolecule movement.
Nucleolus
- A dark part of the nucleus.
- Involved in ribosome production
Ribosomes
- Made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins
- Found either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the ER
- They are essential for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Network of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane throughout the cytoplasm
- Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and involved in the production of proteins mainly secreted outside the cell.
- Smooth ER has no ribosomes and is involved in lipid production
Dictyosomes
- A stack of thin vesicles which receive vesicles from the ER and package them for delivery to different destinations.
- Involved in modifying proteins from the ER, and may polymerize sugars to polysaccharides.
Peroxisomes
- Membrane-bound sacs.
- Involved in detoxifying certain byproducts of photosynthesis and are found closely associated with chloroplasts.
Mitochondria
- Carry out cellular respiration, which breaks down energy-rich compounds.
- Produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the main energy source for the cell.
Plastids
- Dynamic organelles with a variety of functions.
- Chloroplasts are green plastids that perform photosynthesis.
- Chromoplasts are colored plastids.
- Leucoplasts are transparent plastids.
Central Vacuole
- Large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, salts, nutrients, and waste products.
- Helps regulate cell growth, turgor pressure, and storage.
- Play a role in maintaining the cell's shape and volume.
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