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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of the Barbados Slave Code?

To classify slaves as property (correct)

To promote freedom for slaves

To support indentured servants

To provide rights to slaves

What is the significance of 'City Upon a Hill'?

It represents Winthrop's vision for the colonists to be a model for others.

What did the Encomienda System entail?

Colonists were granted authority over natives in exchange for converting them to Catholicism.

What does Evangelicalism emphasize?

Personal conversion and faith over religious ritual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Headright System?

To attract new settlers to Virginia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of indentured servitude?

Free passage to the New World in exchange for years of labor. Signup and view all the answers

What was the function of Joint-Stock Companies?

To organize international trade and settle lands. Signup and view all the answers

What principle does mercantilism promote?

A favorable balance of trade and control of currency. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Middle Passage?

The shipping route that brought slaves to the Americas. Signup and view all the answers

What were Praying Towns?

Christian Indian communities established by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Proprietary Colony?

A type of settlement granted huge tracts of land by the British crown. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Bacon's Rebellion?

It frayed relations between former indentured servants and Native Americans. Signup and view all the answers

What major event did the Glorious Revolution in England result in?

The establishment of Protestant monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Great Awakening?

It was a religious revival that motivated colonial America. Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Huron Confederacy in the 17th century?

The Huron Confederacy allied with the French during the Seven Years War. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of King Philip's War?

It marked the end of Native American presence among New England colonies. Signup and view all the answers

What initiated the Pequot War?

Massachusetts Bay Colony's desire for more land. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 achieve?

It drove Spanish forces out of New Mexico. Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Salem Witch Trials?

Many individuals were tried and executed for witchcraft. Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the Spanish Mission System?

To convert Native Americans to Catholicism. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized 'The Starving Time' in Jamestown?

Colonists faced extreme food shortages and resorted to cannibalism. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stono Uprising?

A slave rebellion aiming to liberate slaves in South Carolina. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

A Puritan woman who challenged church authority. Signup and view all the answers

What was Benjamin Franklin known for?

His contributions to Enlightenment ideals in America. Signup and view all the answers

What did Bartolomé de Las Casas advocate against?

The mistreatment of Native Americans by the Spanish. Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Calvinists?

Predestination and reformation of the Anglican Church. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Huguenots?

French Calvinists who faced persecution. Signup and view all the answers

What was John Rolfe's contribution to Jamestown?

He pioneered tobacco cultivation and facilitated peace with Natives. Signup and view all the answers

What role did John Smith play in early colonization?

He helped establish the Jamestown colony and improved relations with Native Americans. Signup and view all the answers

What was Jonathan Edwards famous for?

His fire-and-brimstone sermons in the Great Awakening. Signup and view all the answers

What is Juan de Oñate known for?

His harsh treatment of Native Americans during Spanish colonization. Signup and view all the answers

What are Maroons?

Communities of escaped slaves who resisted slavery. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Metacom, also known as King Philip?

Leader of the Wampanoags during King Philip's War. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Pilgrims concerned about?

The 'Dutchification' of their children. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Pocahontas play in early American history?

She helped establish peaceful relations between Native Americans and English settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Powhatan Confederacy?

A group of Native Americans who interacted with early Jamestown settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What was Puritanism?

The desire to reform the Anglican Church. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Roger Williams?

A minister who advocated for the separation of church and state. Signup and view all the answers

What did Separatists believe?

They needed to separate from the Church of England. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

An English explorer who sponsored the Roanoke settlement. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Virginia Company?

To find gold and establish settlements in North America. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Wampanoags in early colonial history?

They united many tribes against English settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cahokia known for?

Being a significant Mississippian settlement. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Chesapeake region?

It was the site of early colonial tobacco farming. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Jamestown?

It was the first permanent English settlement in North America. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Lower South' refer to?

A region characterized by larger-scale slavery on farms. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

It became the largest and most influential New England colony. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Middle Colonies focus on?

Farming and agricultural exports. Signup and view all the answers

What was New England's main economic focus?

Trade and subsistence farming. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Act of Toleration (1649) establish?

Religious freedom for all Christians in Maryland. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Dominion of New England?

To enforce trade regulations and assert royal control. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

The first written constitution in America. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Halfway Covenant change?

The rules governing Puritan baptisms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Maryland Toleration Act?

A law ensuring religious freedom for various Christian settlers. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mayflower Compact establish?

A governing body for the Plymouth colony. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Navigation Acts aim to do?

Establish English control over colonial commerce. Signup and view all the answers

Who was George Whitefield?

A influential Congregationalist minister. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Slave Codes

The Barbados Slave Code established rules for the treatment of enslaved individuals in Barbados, denying them rights and classifying them as property.
This code marked a significant shift, differentiating between indentured servants and enslaved people, which facilitated the rise of slavery in the American colonies.

City Upon a Hill

John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" encouraged colonists to serve as a moral example for others, presenting the colony as a model society.

Encomienda System

A Spanish colonial system that allowed colonists to demand labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for conversion to Catholicism, primarily for purposes like sugar cultivation and mining.

Evangelicalism

A fervent style of Protestant ministry that arose during the First Great Awakening, focusing on personal faith and conversion, with notable figures like George Whitefield.

Headright System

Created by the Virginia Company to attract settlers by granting land (50 acres) to individuals, addressing labor shortages linked to tobacco farming.

Indentured Servitude

Promised free passage to the New World in exchange for approximately seven years of labor, often leading to land ownership and voting rights for survivors, though many did not survive the term.

Joint-Stock Companies

Corporations formed by investors to fund colonial settlements and trade, exemplified by the British East India Company and the Virginia Company.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing the importance of a favorable balance of trade, urging colonies to export more than they import for the benefit of the mother country.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea route taken by slave ships from Africa to the Americas, where many enslaved individuals perished due to poor conditions and disease.

Praying Towns

Christian settlements for Native Americans organized by Puritans, aimed at converting indigenous peoples while attempting to impose English social norms.

Proprietary Colony

A type of colonial administration (1660-1690) where land was granted to favorites of the British crown to oversee and develop territories in the New World.

Puritanism

A movement aimed at reforming the Anglican Church, leading to the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony without religious freedom for non-Puritans.

Royal Colony

A type of colony directly controlled by the monarchy, allowing the crown to exert greater authority over colonial governance.

Salutary Neglect

A British governance policy that allowed American colonies to develop their own practices with minimal intervention, fostering loyalty while increasing economic profitability.

Slavery

The forced labor of primarily African individuals who were bought and subjected to lifelong servitude, facilitating the expansion of agricultural profits in the colonies.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect local industries by raising prices to reduce international competition, heavily influencing colonial economics.

Bacon's Rebellion

A revolt in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia's Governor Berkley, sparked by frustration over native policies; led to heightened fears of racial alliance among indentured servants and enslaved individuals.

Glorious Revolution in England

The 1688 overthrow of King James II marking the establishment of a Protestant constitutional monarchy under William III and Mary II.

The Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that reinvigorated colonial America’s faith, featuring figures like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.

Huron Confederacy

An alliance of tribes (1634-1649) impacted by disease and competition for fur resources, allied with France during the Seven Years War.

King Philip's War

A conflict in 1675 between colonists and the Wampanoag tribe led by Metacomet; resulted in significant loss for Native Americans and the end of their presence in Southern New England.

Pequot War

A conflict driven by territory disputes between the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Pequot tribe, leading to extensive violence and loss of life.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising against Spanish rule in New Mexico led by Pope, resulting in temporary expulsion of Spanish forces due to cultural oppression.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of prosecutions in 1692 where over 130 people were accused of witchcraft, reflecting societal fears and tensions.

Spanish Mission System

Missions established to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, integrated into the broader goals of Spanish territorial and religious expansion.

The "Starving Time"

A dire period during Jamestown's early years wherein lack of supplies led to mass starvation and cannibalism among settlers.

Stono Uprising

A major slave rebellion in 1739 where enslaved individuals in South Carolina revolted, leading to stricter slave codes in response to fear of further revolts.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan dissenter who emphasized personal faith over established church doctrines, leading to her trial and banishment for heretical beliefs.

Benjamin Franklin

A prominent American figure representing Enlightenment ideals, contributed significantly to literature, science, and diplomacy during the Revolutionary War.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Spanish monk advocating for the rights of Native Americans, published critiques against colonial mistreatment in the Americas.

Calvinists

Followers of John Calvin's teachings in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, known for their strict beliefs in predestination and moral rigor.

Congregationalists

Puritans who sought to reform the Anglican Church from within and played a vital role in the settlement and development of New England.

Huguenots

French Protestants who faced persecution and delayed colonization efforts in North America until their settlement in Quebec post-Edict of Nantes in 1598.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation in Virginia, easing relations with Native Americans through his marriage to Pocahontas and creating a profitable cash crop.

John Smith

An instrumental leader in establishing Jamestown, promoting a work ethic among settlers and improving relations with the Powhatan Confederacy.

Jonathan Edwards

A prominent minister associated with the Great Awakening, known for his influential sermons emphasizing strict Calvinistic beliefs.

Juan de Onate

A Spanish explorer known for his attempt to settle the American Southwest and notorious for violent campaigns against Native Americans.

Maroons

Communities of escaped enslaved individuals who resisted slavery, influencing plantation owners to adopt stricter plantation controls thereafter.

Metacomet (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief who led his people in resistance against colonists during King Philip's War, ultimately resulting in failure and loss of sovereignty.

Pilgrims

Separatists seeking religious freedom who sailed aboard the Mayflower to Plymouth Rock, escaping the "Dutchification" of their children.

Pocahontas

The daughter of Chief Powhatan, known for her interactions with English colonists, particularly her marriage to John Rolfe, fostering better relations.

Powhatan Confederacy

A network of Native American tribes that engaged in trade with early English settlers in Virginia while navigating territorial pressures.

Puritans

A group of religious reformers advocating for changes within the Church of England, who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Roger Williams

A religious leader advocating for the separation of church and state, banished from Massachusetts and founding Rhode Island as a haven for religious freedom.

Separatists

Puritans who believed in leaving the Church of England, leading to their voyage on the Mayflower and the establishment of Plymouth Colony.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Noted English explorer who initiated attempts to establish colonies in America, most famously Roanoke Island, which ultimately failed.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company established to find gold and a passage to the Indies, instrumental in founding Jamestown and American colonial governance.

Wampanoags

Indigenous tribe led by Metacomet in opposition to English settlers, crucial in early colonial conflicts.

Cahokia

An ancient Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois, which was once home to a large population and is marked by its mysterious decline.

The Chesapeake

Region comprising Virginia and Maryland, known for early colonial settlements focused on tobacco cultivation and reliance on indentured servitude followed by the use of enslaved labor.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America established in 1607 by the Virginia Company; primary cash crop was tobacco.

The Lower South

Characterized by large plantations and extensive reliance on enslaved labor to cultivate cash crops like tobacco and rice, with enslaved individuals making up a significant portion of the population.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by non-separating Puritans, it became the largest and most influential New England colony, promoting strict religious observance.

Middle Colonies

Included New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, noted for fertile land and agricultural production, particularly grains, earning the title of "Bread Colonies."

New England

Primarily a trading economy, built around the Massachusetts Bay Colony and focused on subsistence farming, heavily influenced by Puritan beliefs.

Act of Toleration (1649)

Legislation in Maryland granting religious freedom to all Christians but ultimately failing to prevent violent religious conflicts.

Dominion of New England

A 1686 attempt by the British government to streamline control over New England colonies, resulting in weakened Puritan authority and expanded suffrage.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Established in 1638 as the first written constitution in America, focusing on the welfare of the community and structuring the government in Connecticut.

Halfway Covenant

A 1662 agreement allowing children of baptized Puritans to be baptized without a personal conversion experience, leading to debates over religious authenticity and involvement.

Maryland Toler

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