Toxicometrics and Mutagenesis: Causes of Mutations
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes a mutation?

  • A permanent change in the DNA (correct)
  • A random rearrangement of nucleotides
  • A reversible alteration in the genetic code
  • A temporary change in the RNA

    • What is the primary cause of spontaneous mutations?

  • Genetic recombination
  • Incorrect DNA repair mechanism
  • Inaccurate DNA replication during cell division (correct)
  • Exposure to specific chemicals or radiation

    • How do external influences such as chemicals or radiation cause mutations?

  • They induce temporary alterations in RNA
  • They prevent DNA replication
  • They trigger genetic recombination
  • They cause the DNA to break down and repair incorrectly (correct)

    • What is the role of the genetic code in mutations?

    <p>It consists of 64 triples of nucleotides encoding for amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does understanding DNA's role help in understanding mutations?

    <p>DNA contains instructions for building an organism, and mutations alter these instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do codons in the genetic code specifically encode for?

    <p>Amino acids used for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the function of codons in DNA?

    <p>Codons encode instructions for making proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA mutations, what is the impact of a substitution mutation?

    <p>It converts a codon to a stop codon, resulting in an incomplete protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an insertion mutation in DNA?

    <p>It alters the gene so that its message is no longer correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation results in a change of one base to another?

    <p>Substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism occurs during DNA replication to minimize the amount of mutation that takes place?

    <p>Proofreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a frameshift mutation alter the gene's message?

    <p>By altering the gene so that its message is no longer correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changing an amino-acid-coding codon to a single 'stop' codon due to a mutation?

    <p>Incomplete protein formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA polymerase III do during DNA replication?

    <p>Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when extra base or base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA?

    <p>It alters the gene so that its message is no longer correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of deletion mutations in DNA?

    <p>It alters the gene so that its message is no longer correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly explains the process of mutation?

    <p>A permanent change in the DNA that occurs spontaneously during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of induced mutations?

    <p>Exposure to specific chemicals or radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genetic code contribute to the occurrence of mutations?

    <p>The genetic code consists of nucleotide triples that encode for amino acids, which can be affected by mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a frameshift mutation on the genetic message?

    <p>It completely alters the genetic message, resulting in a non-functional protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA?

    <p>It leads to a frameshift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external influences such as chemicals or radiation cause mutations?

    <p>By breaking down DNA and leading to incorrect repair, resulting in mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of a frameshift mutation on a gene's message?

    <p>It alters the reading frame and changes the entire sequence of codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA mutations, what is the impact of a substitution mutation?

    <p>It changes the entire sequence of codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proofreading in minimizing mutations during DNA replication?

    <p>It checks for and corrects errors in nucleotide base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation results in the insertion of extra base pairs into DNA?

    <p>Frameshift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an amino-acid-coding codon is changed to a single 'stop' codon due to a mutation?

    <p>An incomplete protein is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a deletion mutation in DNA?

    <p>It causes a frameshift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of spontaneous mutations?

    <p>Errors during DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells minimize the amount of mutation that takes place?

    <p>Through proofreading, mismatch repair, and excision repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stop' codons signify which stage in protein production?

    <p>Release of completed protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

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