Toxicology Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes hemp from cannabis used for recreational purposes?

Hemp is illegal in Canada.

Hemp contains high THC levels.

Hemp has low THC content. (correct)

Hemp is primarily used for psychoactive effects.

What is the primary focus of legal regulations concerning cannabis in Canada?

The psychoactive effects based on THC content. (correct)

The cultivation process of hemp.

The use of cannabis in food products.

The reduction of hypertension.

Which condition is categorized as secondary hypertension?

Isolated diastolic hypertension

Aldosteronism (correct)

Diastolic hypertension

Essential hypertension

What lifestyle change can help manage hypertension?

Increase physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which antihypertensive agent works primarily by increasing renal sodium excretion?

Diuretics Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of age-related thickening of arteries?

Hypertrophy of arterial smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes essential hypertension?

It accounts for 80% of hypertension cases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions indicates an increased diastolic blood pressure?

Isolated diastolic hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) from community-acquired infections (CAIs)?

HAIs are associated with antibiotic-resistant strains due to extensive antibiotic use. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism allows bacteria to actively expel antibiotics from their cells?

Efflux pumps Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of suboptimal antibiotic use?

Survival and reproduction of partially resistant bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of acquired resistance involves the alteration of target sites in bacteria?

Mutation Signup and view all the answers

What role do endolysins play in combating bacterial infections?

They degrade bacterial cell walls. Signup and view all the answers

Teixobactin is notable for which of the following properties?

It binds lipid precursors in Gram-positive bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of culturing a pathogen in relation to antibiotic selection?

It helps determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should be considered when selecting an antibiotic?

Renal and hepatic function of the patient. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is recommended for rational antibiotic use?

Minimize prophylactic use to prevent resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the development of new antibiotics facing economic challenges?

Antibiotics have low profitability compared to alternative treatments. Signup and view all the answers

Why might broad-spectrum antibiotics be used initially in severe infections?

They can provide immediate treatment while awaiting culture results. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with administering tetracyclines to children?

Harm to bone and teeth development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ability of an antibiotic to cross the blood-brain barrier imply for its use?

It is suitable for treating central nervous system infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor affecting the choice of antibiotics in a specific region?

Cost and accessibility of the antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of resistance testing when culturing bacteria?

To confirm if a pathogen is resistant to specific antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patient factors must be avoided when administering antibiotics?

Allergies to specific antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of concentration-dependent killing in antibiotics?

Its effectiveness is reliant on achieving a high peak concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is primarily associated with time-dependent killing?

Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

What dosing strategy is typically used for concentration-dependent antibiotics?

Once-daily high-dose administration Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of concentration-dependent dosing strategies?

Increased risk of renal failure Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacodynamic feature is characteristic of time-dependent antibiotics?

Requires maintaining drug concentrations above the MIC for a significant duration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of metoprolol in reducing blood pressure?

Blocking B1-adrenoceptors Signup and view all the answers

What effect does culture-based therapy have in antibiotic treatment?

It allows for more precise and effective therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is common to both metoprolol and propranolol?

Myocardial depression Signup and view all the answers

How does the dosing frequency of time-dependent antibiotics affect treatment?

It mandates strict adherence to achieve efficacy. Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with prazosin?

Reflex tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the advantages of concentration-dependent killing?

It often results in effective treatment for severe infections due to higher Cmax. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes antibiotics from antibacterials?

Antibacterials can include non-medicinal substances Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of penicillin's discovery in 1928?

It revolutionized antibiotic treatment, reducing amputation needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes a key difference between mammalian and bacterial cells?

Bacteria use different DNA replication enzymes than mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of antifungals?

They specifically target fungi-specific processes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the mechanism of action of prazosin?

It dilates arterioles by blocking a1-adrenoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of cytotoxic agents?

Impact key areas of cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with anti-cancer agents affecting rapidly dividing tissues?

Bone marrow suppression. Signup and view all the answers

Which cytotoxic agent is known for its ability to permanently cross-link guanine nucleotides?

Cyclophosphamide. Signup and view all the answers

What distinct action does vincristine perform in cancer treatment?

Halts mitosis by preventing microtubule polymerization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Tamoxifen's role in hormone treatment?

It acts as an antagonist in breast tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about resistance to cancer drugs is true?

Resistance can be due to pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is associated with protein kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment?

Inhibiting key enzymes involved in growth pathways. Signup and view all the answers

Which common side effect is associated with prolonged use of alkylating agents?

Hair loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Bevacizumab in cancer treatment?

Prevents tumor angiogenesis. Signup and view all the answers

What defines combination therapy for cancer treatment?

A mix of therapies minimizing overall toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

Which effect can resistance towards alkylating agents result from?

Reduced drug affinity due to enzyme mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect related to Tamoxifen treatment?

Menstrual irregularities. Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is Imatinib classified as?

Protein kinase inhibitor. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Information

Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of physical, chemical, or biological agents.
Xenobiotics are chemical substances foreign to an organism.
A toxin is a poison produced by a living organism.
A venom is a toxin injected by one organism into another, usually for purposes of defense.
Paracelsus quote "only dose makes the poison" refers to how amount can influence toxicity.

Exposure Routes

Oral: ingestion of harmful substances.
Inhalation: breathing in harmful substances.
Dermal: exposure through the skin.

Acute vs. Chronic Exposure

Acute Exposure: single, larger doses of toxins.
Chronic Exposure: repeated, smaller doses over a long period of time.

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation: increased exposure to toxins over an organism's life.
Biomagnification: increased exposure to toxins in species occupying higher positions on the food chain.

Cell Toxicity Mechanisms

Nonspecific macromolecular damage: hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction reactions.
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS): damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA.
Disruption of metabolic pathways, or interaction through critical functional receptors.
Inflammatory or immune mediated responses.

Important Information

Recovery depends on the capacity for regeneration.
The blood-brain barrier protects against polar compounds.

Methods of Treatment For Poisoning

Remove source of toxin exposure.
Stabilize the patient before other interventions.
Supportive care: maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation.
Activated charcoal: binds ingested toxins to prevent absorption.
Specific antidotes: administer antidote targeted to specific toxin.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in toxicology, including the effects of xenobiotics, exposure routes, and the distinction between acute and chronic exposure. Additionally, it explores bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in organisms. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of cell toxicity as well!