Toxicology PRELIM

study of poisons and their effects, particularly on living systems, is a broad field, overlapping with biochemistry, histology, pharmacology, pathology, and many other disciplines

those that are damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual.

the degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury.

relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the body by inhalation (breathing), ingestion (eating), or absorption, or by direct contact with a chemical

any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; a poison

usually is used when talking about toxic substances produced naturally.

includes any feeling or sign indicating the presence of a poison in the system.

refers to the health effects that occur due to exposure to a toxic substance; also known as a poisonous effect on the body

means that a chemical will produce injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life, even though the two may exist close together.

a relationship between exposure and health effect, that can be established by measuring the response relative to an increasing dose

a dose or exposure level below which the harmful or adverse effects of a substance are not seen in a population.

describes the differences in types of responses to hazardous substances, between people.

describes those persons who are more at risk from illness due to exposure to hazardous substances than the average, healthy person.

deals with the way chemicals and waste products affect the health of an individual.

concerned with the study of chemicals that contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere.

which results from breathing in chemical gases, mists, or dusts that are in the air.

swallowing that occurs chemicals have spilled or settled onto food, beverages, cigarettes, beards, or hands.

When chemicals directly touch the skin or get in the eyes, they can cause localized damage or be absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream.

refers to the amount of a chemical needed to cause harm. The more potent a toxin, the lower the concentration needed to cause harm.

refers to how long a substance takes to break down. Persistent chemicals are of greater concern because they remain in the environment (or even in organisms) for long time periods. .

refers to whether the chemical dissolves in certain solvents, such as water or fat.

buildup of chemicals in an organism’s tissues over its lifetime

increasing concentration of toxins in organisms at each successive trophic

concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace.

gathers and evaluates existing toxicological information to establish concentration-based standards of “safe” exposure.

involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food to the consumer.

concerned with diseases and illnesses associated with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals

concerned with gathering toxicological information from animal experimentation.

used to help establish cause and effect relationships between exposure to a drug or chemical and the toxic or lethal effects that result from that exposure

identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, excrement, or skin.

makes observations on how toxic substances cause their effects

occupational exposures can range from the use of “white-out” by administrative personnel, to the use of chemicals by technicians in a nail salon

s the release and propagation of energy in space or through a material medium in the form of waves, the transfer of heat or light by waves of energy, or the stream of particles from a nuclear reactor

any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest.

Different portions of a plant may contain different concentrations of chemicals. Some chemicals made by plants can be lethal

can result from venomous or poisonous animal releases.

an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services, its mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.

established in 1974, regulates the use of nuclear materials for commercial, industrial, academic, and medical purposes.

promotes and protects the public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way, and monitoring products for continued safety after they are in use

a professional organization that produces a listing of Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) for several hundred chemicals, updating them every year.

provides information and assistance for emergency incidents involving chemicals and hazardous materials

has toxicological information on more than 4,000 chemicals, as well as information on emergency handling procedures, environmental data, regulatory status, and human exposure

provide information such as physical and chemical properties of a substance, first aid information, emergency response, and disposal information.

contains information on hazardous substances found at National Priorities List (NPL) and non-NPL waste sites and emergency events, and on the levels at which health effects from exposure to hazardous substances have been reported in humans and animals

dynamic interactions between a compound and its biological target, leading ultimately to an (adverse) effect.

: refers to parent xenobiotic, its metabolite, or even a generated reactive oxygen species that actually causes cellular damage

molecule that interacts with the ultimate toxicant

the consequence of the physicochemical interaction with the toxicant and target

: Occur at the area of the body which has been in contact with the chemical.

prevents the proper operation of the chemical that controls nerve signals to the muscles

the major active principle of powdered opium, is responsible for the action of opium, although other alkaloids contribute to it.

an alkaloid originally synthesized from Atropa belladonna.

Interact directly with specific enzymes which catalyze some important physiologic processes to produce their toxic effects.

Certain toxicants act by their physical deposition in body tissues, and organs like lungs, e.g. industrial and heavy metals dust, silicon, and asbestos.

Direct chemical injury to tissues either causes protoplasmic precipitation or alters the membrane dependent homeostatic control of cell functions

Toxicants can affect both humoral and cell mediated immunities.

caused by chemicals that produce tissue irritation or damage to macromolecules resulting in expression of the cancer process.

Certain toxicants produce deficiency of essential nutrients in the body.

Certain toxicants inhibit certain nonspecific enzymes to produce their toxic effects.

the study of "how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body.

the substance enters the body

— the substance moves from the site of entry to other areas of the bodY

the body changes (transforms) the substance into new chemicals (metabolites).

the substance or its metabolites leave the body.

is the process by which a xenobiotic is converted to a less toxic form. This is a natural defense mechanism of the organism.

the process by which a xenobiotic may be converted to more reactive or toxic forms

how a toxic agent is removed from the body.

the time it takes for half the amount of a toxic agent to no longer be detected in a biological specimen

play an important role in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)

that the chemical has induced the observed effects

the lowest dose where an induced effect occurs

the rate at which the injury build-up

"how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body."

the substance enters the body.

— the substance moves from the site of entry to other areas of the body

— the body changes (transforms) the substance into new chemicals (metabolites)

the substance or its metabolites leave the body.

A highly toxic substance that is poorly absorbed may be no more hazardous than a substance of low toxicity that is highly absorbed.

Two substances with equal toxicity and absorption may differ in how hazardous they are depending on the nature of their biotransformation.

Similar to route of exposure, absorption is how the toxic agent enters the body

how the toxic agent is spread out in the body

how a toxic agent is transformed into other chemicals in the body.

the process by which a xenobiotic is converted to a less toxic form.

s the process by which a xenobiotic may be converted to more reactive or toxic forms.

how a toxic agent is removed from the body

the time it takes for half the amount of a toxic agent to no longer be detected in a biological specimen.

play an important role in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME

transmembrane transporters, together with drug metabolizing enzymes, are important in drug metabolism and drug clearance

renal proximal tubules are targets for toxicity partly because of the expression of transporters that mediate the secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics.

that the chemical has induced the observed effects

the lowest dose where an induced effect occurs

the rate at which the injury build-up